Evidence dossier · candidate cand-covid-hepatitis · CICP program · · DRAFT — not a determination
This is a draft research-tracking dossier, not a determination that COVID-19 vaccine causes Hepatitis, and not an incidence or legal finding. All evidence is flagged needs_human_review and must be reviewed before any page is published or cited. Every value is grounded in retrieved citations (PMID + retrieval date); unsourced items read "no evidence found / not assessable". Symmetric search: every supporting query has a mirror/null query, and zeros are shown (negative dossiers report the absence of signal).
Claim matrix (C1–C6, computed)
Claim
Label
Status
Missing nodes
C1
Coherent clinical object exists
supported
C2
Consistent temporal window
supported
C3
Epidemiologic excess risk
insufficient_data
missing: B1 B2 B3
C4
Consistency / replication
insufficient_data
missing: B5 B6
C5
Specificity (product / dose)
supported
C6
Biological mechanism
supported
Two evidentiary bars apply to the epi nodes/claims (C3, C4): · VICP — preponderance of the evidence. · CICP (off-Table) — compelling, reliable, valid medical and scientific evidence (higher bar).
Bradford Hill assessment (computed)
Each viewpoint is derived from the node statuses below (see the framework crosswalk in compensation-tables-schema.md §8). Hill's viewpoints are aids to judgement, not a scoring checklist that proves causation; temporality is the only strictly necessary criterion.
Viewpoint
What it asks
Status (from evidence)
Temporality(necessary)
cause precedes effect in a plausible window (necessary)
NASEM (formerly IOM), "Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality" (2011, updated 2024). Independent grading of epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence, synthesized into one of four causal-conclusion categories. This is a computed approximation of that framework, not a NASEM determination. See compensation-tables-schema.md §8bis.
Case-definition standard: no established case definition (needs_human_review — not in spec §1's named-standard list) — governs the case-certainty scale on A1/A2/A6/A8 below. See compensation-tables-schema.md §8ter.
Evidence matrix (68 nodes by workstream)
68 of 68 nodes evaluated · 136 PubMed queries logged (supporting + mirror, incl. zeros). Statuses are computed from retrieved citations; not hand-set.
Definition & attribution 24/24 evaluated
A1 · Case reportssupports
Measure: New definite object in risk window T Comparator: Pre-vaccination baseline Hit rule: Definite object present, onset in window, competing causes considered
Finding: Multiple case reports describe autoimmune hepatitis with onset within days after COVID-19 vaccination, with temporal association and consideration of competing causes in some reports.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Case reports pubmed · 66244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
16 retrieved record(s)
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 35013724 · Journal of translational autoimmunity (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmunity. A new case of autoimmune hepatitis and review of the literature.
ambiguous 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
ambiguous 33647971 · QJM : monthly journal of the Association (2021) — COVID-19 vaccine-related myositis.
A2 · Series with objective confirmationsupports
Measure: Definite object plus objective test Comparator: Reference range / diagnostic criteria Hit rule: Objective confirmation in >=1 case per the working definition
Finding: Multiple case reports describe new-onset autoimmune hepatitis with objective laboratory confirmation (e.g., elevated liver enzymes, anti-smooth muscle antibodies, liver biopsy) occurring days to weeks after COVID-19 vaccination, including one case with 1-year follow-up, one with fulminant hepatitis after AstraZeneca vaccine, and one corticosteroid-refractory case after mRNA vaccine.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Series with objective confirmation pubmed · 5719 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
13 retrieved record(s)
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 33647971 · QJM : monthly journal of the Association (2021) — COVID-19 vaccine-related myositis.
ambiguous 37775180 · Clinical medicine (London, England) (2023) — SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and myocarditis.
does_not_resolve 36441403 · Current cardiology reports (2022) — COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Myocardial and Pericardial Inflammation.
does_not_resolve 30000765 · (2006) — Human Papillomavirus Vaccines.
A3 · Onset histogramsupports
Measure: Distribution of onset times after dose Comparator: Pre-specified risk window Hit rule: Onset clusters inside the pre-specified window (not uniform/flat)
Finding: Several case reports describe autoimmune hepatitis occurring within 7–10 days after COVID-19 vaccination, supporting clustering of onset within a pre-specified risk window.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Onset histogram pubmed · 78 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
17 retrieved record(s)
ambiguous 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
supports_node 34225251 · Journal of autoimmunity (2021) — Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination.
does_not_resolve 35702446 · Case reports in neurology (2022) — Acute Transient Encephalopathy after Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine.
A4 · Temporal plausibilitysupports
Measure: Onset latency vs object pathophysiology Comparator: Object's known natural latency Hit rule: Onset latency consistent with the object's pathophysiology
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes multiple case reports describing autoimmune hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis with onset 7–10 days after COVID-19 vaccination, which is consistent with a plausible latency period for immune-mediated hepatocyte injury following an antigenic trigger.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Temporal plausibility pubmed · 107 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
16 retrieved record(s)
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
does_not_resolve 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 34225251 · Journal of autoimmunity (2021) — Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination.
ambiguous 33647971 · QJM : monthly journal of the Association (2021) — COVID-19 vaccine-related myositis.
A5 · Onset-interval documentationsupports
Measure: Onset interval documented in source Comparator: Dose date Hit rule: Onset interval is recorded (not imputed) in a primary source
Finding: The retrieved evidence comprises only case reports of autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, in which the onset interval (e.g., 8–10 days post-vaccination) is explicitly recorded in the primary source, though none of the reports formally documents a pre-specified risk window or systematic assessment of competing causes as defined in the working definition.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Onset-interval documentation pubmed · 76 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
17 retrieved record(s)
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
does_not_resolve 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 34225251 · Journal of autoimmunity (2021) — Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination.
does_not_resolve 35702446 · Case reports in neurology (2022) — Acute Transient Encephalopathy after Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine.
A6 · Differential diagnosis excludedsupports
Measure: Competing causes assessed and excluded Comparator: Likely alternative diagnoses Hit rule: Pre-specified competing causes ruled out per the working definition
Finding: Two case reports describe autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, with one reporting onset 10 days after the first dose and explicitly noting that competing causes were assessed (e.g., ruling out natural infection and drugs).
does_not_resolve 36381561 · Public health in practice (Oxford, Engla (2022) — Monkeypox vaccine-related stigma.
A7 · Rechallenge / re-exposureno_data
Measure: Object recurs on a further dose Comparator: First-dose response Hit rule: Object recurs after a subsequent dose (re-exposure)
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes several case reports of hepatitis or autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, but none describe recurrence of hepatitis after a subsequent vaccine dose (rechallenge/re-exposure).
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Rechallenge / re-exposure pubmed · 78 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
16 retrieved record(s)
ambiguous 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
supports_node 34225251 · Journal of autoimmunity (2021) — Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination.
ambiguous 33647971 · QJM : monthly journal of the Association (2021) — COVID-19 vaccine-related myositis.
A8 · Adjudicated by criteria (no established case definition)no_data
Measure: Object adjudicated by published criteria Comparator: Published clinical / Brighton criteria Hit rule: Cases adjudicated to 'definite' by a published criterion set
Finding: The retrieved evidence consists solely of case reports and a correspondence letter describing instances of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) or hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, with onset within 7–10 days after vaccination and after assessment of competing causes. No adjudication by a published criterion set (e.g., RUCAM or DSMB-defined criteria) is reported, and no study systematically applies a formal case-definition algorithm for 'definite' attribution.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Adjudicated by criteria pubmed · 115 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
17 retrieved record(s)
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 34225251 · Journal of autoimmunity (2021) — Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination.
supports_node 35716255 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2022) — Autoimmune hepatitis with history of HCV treatment triggered by COVID-19 vaccination: case report and literature review.
A9 · Natural-history consistencysupports
Measure: Course matches the object's natural history Comparator: Known natural history of the object Hit rule: Clinical course (onset, peak, recovery) matches the object's natural history
Finding: Multiple case reports describe autoimmune hepatitis with onset within 7–10 days after COVID-19 vaccination, consistent with known natural history of drug/trigger-induced autoimmune hepatitis, though evidence is limited to isolated cases and does not establish population-level consistency.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series Natural-history consistency pubmed · 179 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
14 retrieved record(s)
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
does_not_resolve 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 33647971 · QJM : monthly journal of the Association (2021) — COVID-19 vaccine-related myositis.
does_not_resolve 37775180 · Clinical medicine (London, England) (2023) — SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and myocarditis.
ambiguous 36441403 · Current cardiology reports (2022) — COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Myocardial and Pericardial Inflammation.
A10 · No confounding objectsupports
Measure: Not attributable to a co-occurring condition Comparator: Co-occurring illness that could produce the object Hit rule: Object not better explained by a co-occurring condition (infection, etc.)
Finding: Multiple case reports describe new-onset autoimmune hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis occurring days to weeks after COVID-19 vaccination, with competing causes (e.g., infection, drug-induced injury) assessed as unlikely in several reports, though all are single-case or small series with no controlled epidemiological data.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis case report OR case series No confounding object pubmed · 95 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis alternative diagnosis OR not vaccine-related pubmed · 4056 hits · run 2026-09-07
16 retrieved record(s)
ambiguous 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 35469403 · Revista espanola de enfermedades digesti (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune hepatitis.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 37591684 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
supports_node 34225251 · Journal of autoimmunity (2021) — Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination.
ambiguous 33647971 · QJM : monthly journal of the Association (2021) — COVID-19 vaccine-related myositis.
D1 · Predicted site of injuryno_data
Measure: Object at the site the mechanism predicts Comparator: Predicted anatomic site from the mechanism Hit rule: Object localizes to the anatomic site the mechanism predicts
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis anatomic localization Predicted site of injury mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Predicted site of injury not consistent with mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
D2 · Spared structuresno_data
Measure: Structures the mechanism should spare are spared Comparator: Structures predicted unaffected Hit rule: Structures predicted spared by the mechanism are indeed spared
Finding: No evidence was found in the retrieved PMID that directly addresses hepatitis as a spared structure for the COVID-19 vaccine; the paper discusses pemphigus foliaceus, an autoimmune blistering disease that spares mucosal surfaces, not the liver or hepatitis.
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Spared structures not consistent with mechanism pubmed · 1 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39203983 · Vaccines (2024) — A Comprehensive Review on the Intricate Interplay between COVID-19 Immunization and the New Onset of Pemphigus Foliaceus.
D3 · Local vs systemic distributionno_data
Measure: Distribution matches mechanism scope Comparator: Local (injection site) vs systemic expectation Hit rule: Observed distribution (local vs systemic) matches the mechanism's predicted scope
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis anatomic localization Local vs systemic distribution mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Local vs systemic distribution not consistent with mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
D4 · Kinetics classno_data
Measure: Onset/offset kinetics match the mechanism Comparator: Expected kinetic class (acute vs chronic) Hit rule: Onset and offset kinetics are in the class the mechanism predicts
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis anatomic localization Kinetics class mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Kinetics class not consistent with mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
D5 · Platform-mechanism matchno_data
Measure: Mechanism is consistent with the platform Comparator: Mechanistic expectation for the platform Hit rule: The proposed mechanism is biologically consistent with the vaccine platform
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis anatomic localization Platform-mechanism match mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Platform-mechanism match not consistent with mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
H3 · Targeted treatment reversesno_data
Measure: A targeted treatment reverses the object in patients Comparator: Treatment-naive / placebo Hit rule: A mechanism-directed treatment reverses the object (vs control treatment)
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Targeted treatment reverses intervention OR treatment OR reversal pubmed · 15142392 hits · run 2026-09-07
Measure: No node's finding contradicts another Comparator: Internal consistency across nodes Hit rule: No evaluated node directly contradicts another (coherence)
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis No internal contradiction coherence OR latency OR susceptibility pubmed · 870068 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis No internal contradiction inconsistent OR contradicts pubmed · 27612 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 32718125 · Turkish journal of medical sciences (2021) — Hepatitis A susceptibility parallels high COVID-19 mortality.
I2 · Analogy to a known objectno_data
Measure: Object analogous to a well-established analog Comparator: Established analog's profile Hit rule: The object's profile matches a well-established analog on key features
Finding: The retrieved evidence shows an ecological correlation between hepatitis A virus susceptibility and COVID-19 mortality, but does not address new hepatitis attributed to COVID-19 vaccination, nor does it provide any data on hepatitis as an adverse event following COVID-19 vaccine.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Analogy to a known object coherence OR latency OR susceptibility pubmed · 870068 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Analogy to a known object inconsistent OR contradicts pubmed · 27612 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 32718125 · Turkish journal of medical sciences (2021) — Hepatitis A susceptibility parallels high COVID-19 mortality.
I5 · Latency coherenceno_data
Measure: Observed latency matches the mechanism's latency Comparator: Mechanism-predicted latency Hit rule: Observed onset latency is coherent with the mechanism's predicted latency
Finding: The retrieved evidence discusses a possible protective association between hepatitis A immunity and COVID-19 mortality, but provides no information on latency coherence for a putative adverse event of hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Latency coherence coherence OR latency OR susceptibility pubmed · 870068 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Latency coherence inconsistent OR contradicts pubmed · 27612 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 32718125 · Turkish journal of medical sciences (2021) — Hepatitis A susceptibility parallels high COVID-19 mortality.
J1 · Pre-specificationno_data
Measure: Window/hit-rule pre-specified before data Comparator: Pre-specified vs post-hoc Hit rule: The risk window, object, and hit rule were pre-specified before data were seen
Finding: The retrieved evidence does not address hepatitis as an adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination; it focuses on AI adjudication of cardiovascular events and immune-related adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitors, respectively.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Pre-specification pre-specified OR adjudicated pubmed · 13550 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Pre-specification post-hoc OR hypothesis-generating only pubmed · 1700 hits · run 2026-09-07
2 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 41493293 · Journal of the American College of Cardi (2026) — Using Artificial Intelligence to Adjudicate Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Clinical Trials.
does_not_resolve 39226489 · Journal of clinical oncology : official (2024) — Enhancing Precision in Detecting Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events: Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models and International Classification of Disease
J2 · Contrary-evidence logno_data
Measure: Contrary evidence is logged, not omitted Comparator: Support-only dossier Hit rule: Contrary / null / refuting findings are logged and shown alongside support
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Contrary-evidence log pre-specified OR adjudicated pubmed · 13550 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Contrary-evidence log post-hoc OR hypothesis-generating only pubmed · 1700 hits · run 2026-09-07
2 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 41493293 · Journal of the American College of Cardi (2026) — Using Artificial Intelligence to Adjudicate Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Clinical Trials.
does_not_resolve 39226489 · Journal of clinical oncology : official (2024) — Enhancing Precision in Detecting Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events: Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models and International Classification of Disease
J3 · No temporality-only claimno_data
Measure: Claim not based on temporality alone Comparator: Sequence-only evidence Hit rule: The claim is not supported by temporal sequence alone (independent evidence exists)
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis No temporality-only claim pre-specified OR adjudicated pubmed · 13550 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis No temporality-only claim post-hoc OR hypothesis-generating only pubmed · 1700 hits · run 2026-09-07
2 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 41493293 · Journal of the American College of Cardi (2026) — Using Artificial Intelligence to Adjudicate Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Clinical Trials.
ambiguous 39226489 · Journal of clinical oncology : official (2024) — Enhancing Precision in Detecting Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events: Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models and International Classification of Disease
J4 · Passive-surveillance roleno_data
Measure: Passive-surveillance findings bounded correctly Comparator: Active-surveillance confirmation Hit rule: Passive-surveillance signals are framed as hypothesis-generating, not confirmatory
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Passive-surveillance role pre-specified OR adjudicated pubmed · 13550 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Passive-surveillance role post-hoc OR hypothesis-generating only pubmed · 1700 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39226489 · Journal of clinical oncology : official (2024) — Enhancing Precision in Detecting Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events: Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models and International Classification of Disease
J5 · Dose mappingno_data
Measure: Dose/lot exposure mapped to the object Comparator: Unmapped exposure Hit rule: Dose / lot exposure is mapped to the object where the mechanism predicts it
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Dose mapping pre-specified OR adjudicated pubmed · 13550 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Dose mapping post-hoc OR hypothesis-generating only pubmed · 1700 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39226489 · Journal of clinical oncology : official (2024) — Enhancing Precision in Detecting Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events: Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models and International Classification of Disease
Epidemiologic chassis 13/13 evaluated
B1 · Excess vs baselineno_data
Measure: RR/IRR vs unexposed or prior window Comparator: Unvaccinated person-time or pre-vaccination window Hit rule: RR/IRR > 1 with CI excluding 1 after pre-specified confounders
Finding: No retrieved evidence directly investigates the risk of hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination; the retrieved studies address shingles, Guillain-Barré syndrome, arrhythmias, RSV, ocular events, NAFLD, and hepatitis prevalence models, none of which involve COVID-19 vaccine and hepatitis as an outcome.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Excess vs baseline incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Excess vs baseline pubmed · 88799 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 40664645 · Nature communications (2025) — Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 37468475 · Nature communications (2023) — Herpes zoster vaccine safety in the Aotearoa New Zealand population: a self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 39969879 · JAMA network open (2025) — Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine and Nirsevimab Uptake Among Pregnant People and Their Neonates.
B2 · SCCSno_data
Measure: Self-controlled case series risk ratio Comparator: Individuals' own risk intervals (no-event) Hit rule: SCCS risk ratio > 1 in the post-vaccination window, CI excluding 1
Finding: No retrieved evidence directly addresses an SCCS risk ratio for hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination; the only SCCS studies retrieved concern shingles after Shingrix vaccination, Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination, and arrhythmias after COVID-19 infection, none of which report on hepatitis as an outcome.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis SCCS incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk SCCS pubmed · 88906 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 39969879 · JAMA network open (2025) — Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine and Nirsevimab Uptake Among Pregnant People and Their Neonates.
does_not_resolve 41347672 · Journal of medical virology (2025) — Systematic Review of Postvaccination Ocular Adverse Events: A Comprehensive Analysis of Published Reports.
B3 · Cohort / risk-intervalno_data
Measure: Incidence rate ratio in defined window Comparator: Pre-specified risk vs comparison interval Hit rule: IRR > 1 in the pre-specified window, CI excluding 1, stratified by age/sex
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Cohort / risk-interval incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Cohort / risk-interval pubmed · 88408 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
does_not_resolve 38875047 · The International journal of risk & safe (2024) — Self-controlled risk interval study of rotavirus vaccine safety: Findings and implications.
does_not_resolve 39426837 · Lancet (London, England) (2024) — Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years a
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
B4 · Meta-analysis / poolingno_data
Measure: Pooled effect across studies Comparator: Pooled estimate with heterogeneity Hit rule: Pooled estimate > 1 (or < 1) with quantified heterogeneity (I2)
Finding: No retrieved evidence addresses a pooled estimate or meta-analysis of hepatitis risk following COVID-19 vaccination. The retrieved studies concern shingles, Guillain-Barré syndrome, arrhythmias, HCV prevalence, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, and ocular adverse events; none provide a meta-analytic pooled effect for hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccines.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Meta-analysis / pooling incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Meta-analysis / pooling pubmed · 112244 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 40014628 · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly rep (2025) — Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024-January 2025.
ambiguous 41347672 · Journal of medical virology (2025) — Systematic Review of Postvaccination Ocular Adverse Events: A Comprehensive Analysis of Published Reports.
B5 · Negative-control outcomesno_data
Measure: No excess for outcomes the vaccine should not cause Comparator: Negative-control outcomes (unaffected by mechanism) Hit rule: Null for negative-control outcomes while target outcome is positive (specificity)
Finding: No retrieved evidence addresses the risk of new hepatitis attributed to COVID-19 vaccination. The only retrieved study mentioning hepatitis B vaccine is a systematic review of ocular adverse events after non-COVID antiviral vaccines, not COVID-19 vaccines.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Negative-control outcomes incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Negative-control outcomes pubmed · 88610 hits · run 2026-09-07
10 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
does_not_resolve 37468475 · Nature communications (2023) — Herpes zoster vaccine safety in the Aotearoa New Zealand population: a self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38388239 · Vaccine (2024) — Mortality risk after COVID-19 vaccination: A self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 39426837 · Lancet (London, England) (2024) — Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years a
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
B6 · Other-antigen comparisonno_data
Measure: Risk vs a different-antigen comparator Comparator: Comparator product with a different antigen Hit rule: Risk specific to the target antigen, not shared with the comparator antigen
Finding: No retrieved evidence addresses the risk of hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination compared with a different-antigen comparator.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Other-antigen comparison incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Other-antigen comparison pubmed · 88372 hits · run 2026-09-07
11 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 40664645 · Nature communications (2025) — Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 37468475 · Nature communications (2023) — Herpes zoster vaccine safety in the Aotearoa New Zealand population: a self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 35489031 · Journal of clinical psychopharmacology (2022) — Prescription Stimulants and the Risk of Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.
does_not_resolve 39426837 · Lancet (London, England) (2024) — Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years a
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
B7 · Absolute riskno_data
Measure: Per-100k risk in window Comparator: Absolute incidence per 100k Hit rule: Absolute risk reported and stable across the window (not an artifact of rarity)
Finding: No retrieved evidence reports absolute risk per 100,000 for new hepatitis attributed to COVID-19 vaccination within a pre-specified risk window; the only mention of hepatitis in the retrieved PMIDs (PMID 41347672) is in the context of hepatitis B vaccine ocular adverse events, not COVID-19 vaccine-related hepatitis.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Absolute risk incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 946 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Absolute risk pubmed · 111646 hits · run 2026-09-07
12 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 40664645 · Nature communications (2025) — Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 37468475 · Nature communications (2023) — Herpes zoster vaccine safety in the Aotearoa New Zealand population: a self-controlled case series study.
refutes_node 38388239 · Vaccine (2024) — Mortality risk after COVID-19 vaccination: A self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 29211679 · The New England journal of medicine (2017) — Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer.
does_not_resolve 23484825 · The New England journal of medicine (2013) — Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
B8 · Platform splitno_data
Measure: Risk by vaccine platform / product Comparator: Platform (mRNA vs viral vector, etc.) Hit rule: Risk attributable to a specific platform, not to 'a vaccine' generally
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes a systematic review of ocular adverse events after non-COVID vaccines (PMID 41347672) but does not address hepatitis as an adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination, nor does any retrieved study examine risk of hepatitis by vaccine platform or product.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Platform split incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Platform split pubmed · 88437 hits · run 2026-09-07
10 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
refutes_node 38875047 · The International journal of risk & safe (2024) — Self-controlled risk interval study of rotavirus vaccine safety: Findings and implications.
does_not_resolve 37806668 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2023) — Response to Dr. Somovilla del Saz's letter to the editor regarding "Risk of all-cause and cardiac-related mortality after vaccination against COVID-19: A meta-a
does_not_resolve 39426837 · Lancet (London, England) (2024) — Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years a
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
B9 · Host-structure stratificationno_data
Measure: Risk by age / sex / host structure Comparator: Unstratified estimate Hit rule: Risk concentrated in a defined host subgroup (e.g. young males), stable across sources
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Host-structure stratification incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 945 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Host-structure stratification pubmed · 88370 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
does_not_resolve 39426837 · Lancet (London, England) (2024) — Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years a
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 39969879 · JAMA network open (2025) — Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine and Nirsevimab Uptake Among Pregnant People and Their Neonates.
B10 · Formulation / component changeno_data
Measure: Risk tracks a formulation change Comparator: Pre- vs post-change formulation Hit rule: Risk change tracks a documented formulation / component change over time
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Formulation / component change incidence risk cohort OR self-controlled case series pubmed · 946 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no association OR null OR no increased risk Formulation / component change pubmed · 88531 hits · run 2026-09-07
8 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 40440921 · Vaccine (2025) — Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational self-controlled case series study.
does_not_resolve 38089855 · European heart journal open (2023) — Risk of arrhythmias following COVID-19: nationwide self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.
does_not_resolve 34937500 · Expert review of vaccines (2022) — Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review.
does_not_resolve 38875047 · The International journal of risk & safe (2024) — Self-controlled risk interval study of rotavirus vaccine safety: Findings and implications.
does_not_resolve 37806668 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2023) — Response to Dr. Somovilla del Saz's letter to the editor regarding "Risk of all-cause and cardiac-related mortality after vaccination against COVID-19: A meta-a
does_not_resolve 39426837 · Lancet (London, England) (2024) — Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years a
does_not_resolve 35180382 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2022) — Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
H2 · Formulation natural experimentno_data
Measure: Risk shifts with a formulation change in the field Comparator: Pre- vs post-change formulation Hit rule: Observed risk tracks a real-world formulation change (natural experiment)
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Formulation natural experiment intervention OR treatment OR reversal pubmed · 15142392 hits · run 2026-09-07
Measure: Risk signal appears/disappears across a pause or policy change Comparator: Pre- vs post-pause period Hit rule: The signal appears or disappears coherently with a rollout / pause (H4)
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Policy / pause signal intervention OR treatment OR reversal pubmed · 15142392 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Policy / pause signal no effect intervention pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
I3 · Infection coherenceno_data
Measure: Pattern is coherent with or distinct from infection Comparator: Infection-matched comparison Hit rule: The post-vaccine pattern is coherent with (or clearly distinct from) the infection pattern
Finding: The retrieved evidence shows an ecological correlation between hepatitis A susceptibility and COVID-19 mortality, but does not address post-vaccine hepatitis patterns or their coherence with natural infection.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Infection coherence coherence OR latency OR susceptibility pubmed · 870070 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Infection coherence inconsistent OR contradicts pubmed · 27612 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 32718125 · Turkish journal of medical sciences (2021) — Hepatitis A susceptibility parallels high COVID-19 mortality.
Mediator & biological gradient 24/24 evaluated
C1n · Dose strength gradientno_data
Measure: Risk vs dose strength (dose size) Comparator: Lower dose strength Hit rule: Monotonic dose-response in dose strength (larger dose -> higher risk)
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes only case reports and a systematic review of autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, but none of these studies examine a monotonic dose-response gradient in dose strength (larger dose → higher risk). No study compares different dose sizes or strengths to assess risk of hepatitis.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Dose strength gradient dose-response OR dose effect pubmed · 1299193 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no dose effect OR no dose-response Dose strength gradient pubmed · 250 hits · run 2026-09-07
9 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39082700 · The Journal of infectious diseases (2025) — Effectiveness of MenB-4C Vaccine Against Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
ambiguous 40014628 · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly rep (2025) — Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024-January 2025.
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
supports_node 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
ambiguous 37366868 · Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2023) — Clinical Features of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Systematic Review.
C2n · Dose number gradientno_data
Measure: Risk vs dose number (1st vs 2nd vs 3rd) Comparator: First dose Hit rule: Risk increases (or shows a defined pattern) with dose number
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes case reports of hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, but none of the retrieved studies systematically compare risk across dose numbers (1st vs 2nd vs 3rd) or provide epidemiological data on a dose-number gradient. One case report (PMID 37029249) describes hepatitis after the third dose, but this does not constitute a pattern across doses.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Dose number gradient dose-response OR dose effect pubmed · 1299193 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no dose effect OR no dose-response Dose number gradient pubmed · 694 hits · run 2026-09-07
9 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39082700 · The Journal of infectious diseases (2025) — Effectiveness of MenB-4C Vaccine Against Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 40014628 · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly rep (2025) — Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024-January 2025.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 35694999 · Immunotherapy (2022) — Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: a case report.
supports_node 37366868 · Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2023) — Clinical Features of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Systematic Review.
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
C3n · Measured-exposure tertilesno_data
Measure: Risk vs measured exposure tertile Comparator: Lowest-exposure tertile Hit rule: Risk ordered by measured-exposure tertile (high > mid > low)
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes multiple case reports and a systematic review of 39 cases describing autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, but no study directly examines risk ordered by measured-exposure tertile (high > mid > low). The evidence is limited to uncontrolled case series and does not provide quantitative exposure-tertile comparisons.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Measured-exposure tertiles dose-response OR dose effect pubmed · 1299193 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no dose effect OR no dose-response Measured-exposure tertiles pubmed · 139 hits · run 2026-09-07
9 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39082700 · The Journal of infectious diseases (2025) — Effectiveness of MenB-4C Vaccine Against Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 40014628 · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly rep (2025) — Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024-January 2025.
ambiguous 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
supports_node 37366868 · Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2023) — Clinical Features of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Systematic Review.
does_not_resolve 36969905 · Journal of clinical and translational he (2023) — Efficacy of Vaccine Protection Against COVID-19 Virus Infection in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases.
C4n · Organoid concentration curveno_data
Measure: Effect vs antigen concentration in organoid Comparator: Vehicle / zero antigen Hit rule: Dose-dependent effect across a graded concentration curve
Finding: The retrieved evidence includes several case reports and a systematic review describing instances of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) occurring after COVID-19 vaccination, with onset typically within days of vaccination. However, none of the retrieved studies provide data from an organoid concentration curve testing dose-dependent effects of COVID-19 vaccine antigen on hepatitis outcomes in an organoid model.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Organoid concentration curve dose-response OR dose effect pubmed · 1299193 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no dose effect OR no dose-response Organoid concentration curve pubmed · 150 hits · run 2026-09-07
10 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39082700 · The Journal of infectious diseases (2025) — Effectiveness of MenB-4C Vaccine Against Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 28000606 · Diseases of aquatic organisms (2016) — Development of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccines for tilapia.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 40014628 · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly rep (2025) — Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024-January 2025.
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
supports_node 37366868 · Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2023) — Clinical Features of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Systematic Review.
C5n · EC50 vs Cmax coherencemixed
Measure: Measured exposure reaches effect threshold Comparator: Pharmacokinetic Cmax vs EC50 Hit rule: Achieved exposure (Cmax/tissue) plausibly reaches the in-vitro EC50
Finding: Case reports and a systematic review describe instances of autoimmune hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination, with onset days after vaccination, suggesting vaccine-triggered immune-mediated liver injury; however, the retrieved evidence does not provide pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic data linking measured Cmax/tissue concentrations to in-vitro EC50 values for hepatitis.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis EC50 vs Cmax coherence dose-response OR dose effect pubmed · 1299193 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis no dose effect OR no dose-response EC50 vs Cmax coherence pubmed · 139 hits · run 2026-09-07
9 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 39082700 · The Journal of infectious diseases (2025) — Effectiveness of MenB-4C Vaccine Against Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 37517414 · The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatolog (2023) — Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study.
does_not_resolve 40014628 · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly rep (2025) — Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024-January 2025.
supports_node 35865787 · Clinical case reports (2022) — Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.
supports_node 37029249 · Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2023) — Corticosteroid-refractory autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review.
ambiguous 37366868 · Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2023) — Clinical Features of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Systematic Review.
supports_node 36207131 · European journal of hospital pharmacy : (2023) — COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: case report.
ambiguous 36969905 · Journal of clinical and translational he (2023) — Efficacy of Vaccine Protection Against COVID-19 Virus Infection in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases.
E1 · Mediator identified in casessupports
Measure: Mediator present in affected tissue/cells Comparator: Unaffected tissue / control Hit rule: The hypothesized mediator is detected in the affected compartment and not (or less) in control
Finding: PMID 37715471 reports altered liver function tests after COVID-19 vaccination compared to influenza vaccine controls, indicating possible liver injury; PMID 35567545 describes immune-mediated hepatitis features and corticosteroid response in a case series of liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Mediator identified in cases in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Mediator identified in cases not associated mechanism pubmed · 3 hits · run 2026-09-07
3 retrieved record(s)
ambiguous 37715471 · Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety (2024) — Altered liver function test after Covid-19 vaccines: A retrospective control group study.
supports_node 37242502 · Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) (2023) — Immune-Mediated Organ-Specific Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.
supports_node 35567545 · Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) (2022) — Liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Features of immune-mediated hepatitis, role of corticosteroid therapy and outcome.
E2 · Mediator in healthy vaccineesno_data
Measure: Mediator detectable after vaccination Comparator: Pre-vaccination baseline Hit rule: Mediator appears after vaccination and tracks the exposure window
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Mediator in healthy vaccinees in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Mediator in healthy vaccinees not associated mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
E3 · Infection contrastno_data
Measure: Mediator absent/low after natural infection Comparator: Recovered natural infection Hit rule: Mediator signal is specific to vaccination vs a comparable natural-infection control
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Infection contrast in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Infection contrast not associated mechanism pubmed · 23 hits · run 2026-09-07
8 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 38304200 · Infection prevention in practice (2024) — Two versus three doses of COVID-19 vaccine and post-vaccination COVID-19 infection in hemodialysis patients.
does_not_resolve 34352133 · Journal of viral hepatitis (2022) — COVID-19 and the Liver: Lessons Learnt from the EAST and the WEST, A Year Later.
does_not_resolve 36136332 · JAMA network open (2022) — Estimated Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Omicron or Delta Symptomatic Infection and Severe Outcomes.
does_not_resolve 40963305 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2025) — Documented vaccination as proof of immunity compared to serology in medical students.
does_not_resolve 33559128 · Immunological reviews (2021) — Human antiviral B cell responses: Emerging lessons from hepatitis B and COVID-19.
does_not_resolve 40260163 · Frontiers in public health (2025) — Chrono-optimizing vaccine administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 39608249 · Vaccine (2025) — COVID-19 vaccine responses are influenced by distinct risk factors in naive and SARS-CoV-2 experienced hemodialysis recipients.
does_not_resolve 40219638 · Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2025) — COVID-19 vaccination and pregnancy-induced hypertension risk in women undergoing assisted reproduction.
E4 · Transfer to recipientno_data
Measure: Phenotype/mediator transferred to a recipient system Comparator: Control transfer Hit rule: The effect / mediator transfers to a naive recipient system
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Transfer to recipient in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Transfer to recipient not associated mechanism pubmed · 2 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 41237791 · The Lancet. Infectious diseases (2026) — Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 RVF vaccine against Rift Valley fever among healthy adults in Uganda: a single-centre, single-blind, ran
E5 · Transfer specificityno_data
Measure: Transfer requires the specific mediator Comparator: Transfer with mediator present Hit rule: Transfer effect is lost when the specific mediator is removed
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Transfer specificity in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Transfer specificity not associated mechanism pubmed · 5 hits · run 2026-09-07
2 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 36462102 · Molecular biotechnology (2023) — Lipid-Based Delivery Systems in Development of Genetic and Subunit Vaccines.
does_not_resolve 39077045 · Science in One Health (2023) — Human health implications of emerging diseases and the current situation in India's vaccine industry.
E6 · Depletion / knockdownno_data
Measure: Removing the mediator reduces the effect Comparator: Non-targeted knockdown Hit rule: Knockdown / depletion of the mediator reduces the phenotype
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Depletion / knockdown in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
Measure: Adding the mediator restores the effect Comparator: Add-back of a control protein Hit rule: Adding back the mediator (not a control) restores the phenotype
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Add-back rescue in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Add-back rescue not associated mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
E8 · Neutralizationno_data
Measure: Neutralizing the mediator blocks the effect Comparator: Isotype control Hit rule: Neutralization of the mediator (not an isotype control) blocks the phenotype
Finding: No retrieved evidence directly tests whether neutralizing the mediator (e.g., an antibody or immune factor) blocks vaccine-associated hepatitis in humans or animals.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Neutralization in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Neutralization not associated mechanism pubmed · 119 hits · run 2026-09-07
7 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 41136606 · Nature biomedical engineering (2026) — Nanobody-based combination vaccine using licensed protein nanoparticles protects animals against respiratory and viral infections.
does_not_resolve 36263669 · Clinical and molecular hepatology (2022) — COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity among chronic liver disease patients and liver transplant recipients: A meta-analysis.
does_not_resolve 41785011 · The Journal of general virology (2026) — Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prototype based on virus-like particles of hepatitis B core antigen from genotype G and interleukin 12 expressing Semliki F
does_not_resolve 34699647 · Reviews in medical virology (2022) — Safety and potency of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2: A preclinical study.
does_not_resolve 36742314 · Frontiers in immunology (2023) — Analysis of neutralizing antibodies to COVID-19 inactivated or subunit recombinant vaccines in hospitalized patients with liver dysfunction.
does_not_resolve 38005976 · Vaccines (2023) — Clinical Utility of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Testing and Defining a Correlate of Protection.
does_not_resolve 42079457 · Clinical kidney journal (2026) — Vaccine efficacy in CKD patients not on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
E9 · Isotype controlno_data
Measure: Isotype control does not reproduce the effect Comparator: Active antibody Hit rule: An isotype control fails to reproduce the block/activation
Finding: The retrieved evidence does not address isotype control experiments or their failure to reproduce a block/activation effect in the context of COVID-19 vaccine and hepatitis.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Isotype control in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Isotype control not associated mechanism pubmed · 43 hits · run 2026-09-07
8 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 38757595 · Bratislavske lekarske listy (2024) — Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccine in chronic hepatitis B patients.
does_not_resolve 39432992 · Vaccine (2024) — Anti-RBD IgG dynamics following infection or vaccination.
does_not_resolve 35344281 · Hepatology communications (2022) — Antibody response to the messenger RNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) in liver transplant recipients.
does_not_resolve 35107848 · Liver international : official journal o (2022) — Safety and antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
does_not_resolve 37213672 · International journal of medical science (2023) — Immune responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine were decreased in Chinese patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
does_not_resolve 37457966 · Frontiers in cellular and infection micr (2023) — Humoral immune responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine up to 1 year in children with chronic hepatitis B infection.
does_not_resolve 36849838 · European journal of clinical microbiolog (2023) — The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in old pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
does_not_resolve 36620297 · Frontiers in public health (2022) — Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional observational study.
F1 · Full product reproducesno_data
Measure: Full vaccine product reproduces the effect Comparator: No-product control Hit rule: The full product (not a subcomponent) reproduces the effect
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Full product reproduces component OR antigen OR vector pubmed · 2045311 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Full product reproduces no effect component isolation pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
5 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 29550258 · Immunology letters (2018) — Live bacterial vaccine vector and delivery strategies of heterologous antigen: A review.
does_not_resolve 25876176 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2015) — Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines.
does_not_resolve 21952287 · Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2011) — Viral vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.
F2 · Empty vector / particleno_data
Measure: Vector/particle without antigen reproduces (or not) Comparator: Full product Hit rule: Effect attributed to (or excluded from) the vector/particle backbone alone
Finding: No retrieved evidence addresses the relationship between an empty vaccine vector/particle backbone alone and hepatitis as an adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination; the retrieved articles discuss live bacterial or viral vector platforms for antigen delivery, not safety outcomes such as hepatitis.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Empty vector / particle component OR antigen OR vector pubmed · 2045311 hits · run 2026-09-07
Measure: Irrelevant cargo does not reproduce the effect Comparator: Vector with the target antigen Hit rule: Irrelevant cargo fails to reproduce the effect (specificity)
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Irrelevant cargo component OR antigen OR vector pubmed · 2045311 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 25876176 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2015) — Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines.
does_not_resolve 21952287 · Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2011) — Viral vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.
F5 · Infection preparationno_data
Measure: Infection preparation vs product comparison Comparator: Product-derived preparation Hit rule: Effect compares correctly between infection and product preparations
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Infection preparation component OR antigen OR vector pubmed · 2045314 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 25876176 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2015) — Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines.
does_not_resolve 21952287 · Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2011) — Viral vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.
F6 · Cytokine / adjuvant mixno_data
Measure: Cytokine/adjuvant mix alone reproduces (or not) Comparator: Individual components Hit rule: The effect is (or is not) reproducible by the cytokine/adjuvant mix alone
Finding: No retrieved evidence addresses whether a cytokine/adjuvant mix alone reproduces hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Cytokine / adjuvant mix component OR antigen OR vector pubmed · 2045311 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 25876176 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2015) — Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines.
does_not_resolve 21952287 · Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2011) — Viral vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.
F7 · Component combinationno_data
Measure: Defined component combination reproduces the effect Comparator: Single components Hit rule: A defined combination reproduces the effect that single components do not
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Component combination component OR antigen OR vector pubmed · 2045313 hits · run 2026-09-07
does_not_resolve 25876176 · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2015) — Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines.
does_not_resolve 21952287 · Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2011) — Viral vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.
G1 · 2D human cellsno_data
Measure: Effect reproduced in 2D human cell culture Comparator: Untreated / control cells Hit rule: Effect reproduced in 2D primary human cells
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis 2D human cells animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818663 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis 2D human cells not reproduced model pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
G2 · Organoid / chipno_data
Measure: Effect reproduced in organoid / organ-on-chip Comparator: Unexposed organoid Hit rule: Effect reproduced in a 3D organoid / organ-on-chip system
Finding: This study developed human liver organoids that recapitulate steatohepatitis features, but does not test or report any effect of COVID-19 vaccine on hepatitis in an organoid or organ-on-chip system.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Organoid / chip animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818663 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Organoid / chip not reproduced model pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
H1 · Block in vitro / in vivono_data
Measure: Blocking the mediator/mechanism prevents the effect Comparator: Control intervention Hit rule: Blocking the mechanism prevents or reverses the effect (not with a control intervention)
Finding: No retrieved evidence addresses whether blocking a mediator or mechanism for COVID-19 vaccine-associated hepatitis prevents or reverses the effect.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Block in vitro / in vivo intervention OR treatment OR reversal pubmed · 15142392 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Block in vitro / in vivo no effect intervention pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
Clinical / animal / host 7/7 evaluated
E10 · Host-line dependenceno_data
Measure: Effect depends on host line/cell type Comparator: Susceptible host line Hit rule: Effect is restricted to a defined host line / genotype, not universal
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis mechanism Host-line dependence in vitro OR patient-derived pubmed · 29244 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Host-line dependence not associated mechanism pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
G3 · Animal, clinical routeno_data
Measure: Effect in animal via the clinical route of administration Comparator: Vehicle, same route Hit rule: Effect reproduced in an animal using the clinical route of administration
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Animal, clinical route animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818665 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Animal, clinical route not reproduced model pubmed · 2 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
G4 · Susceptible animalno_data
Measure: Effect in a susceptible animal model Comparator: Non-susceptible model Hit rule: Effect in a defined susceptible animal model
Finding: No evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Susceptible animal animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818669 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Susceptible animal not reproduced model pubmed · 7 hits · run 2026-09-07
2 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
does_not_resolve 39048693 · Scientific reports (2024) — An inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on a Vero cell culture-adapted high-titer virus confers cross-protection in small animals.
G5 · Replication across labsno_data
Measure: Effect replicated in an independent lab Comparator: Original result Hit rule: The key effect is replicated in an independent laboratory
Finding: The study in PMID 31155493 develops a human liver organoid model to study steatohepatitis, but does not address replication of hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination in an independent laboratory.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Replication across labs animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818663 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Replication across labs not reproduced model pubmed · 0 hits (0 hits — negative) · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
G6 · Blinded scoringno_data
Measure: Outcomes scored blinded Comparator: Unblinded reference Hit rule: Primary outcomes scored by a blinded assessor
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Blinded scoring animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818663 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Blinded scoring not reproduced model pubmed · 1 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
G7 · Experimental time courseno_data
Measure: Effect follows a defined experimental time course Comparator: No-exposure time course Hit rule: The effect's onset/offset follows a defined experimental time course
Finding: no evidence found
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Experimental time course animal OR organoid OR cell model pubmed · 1818663 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Experimental time course not reproduced model pubmed · 1 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 31155493 · Cell metabolism (2019) — Modeling Steatohepatitis in Humans with Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids.
I4 · Susceptibility traitno_data
Measure: A host trait / marker defines susceptibility Comparator: Trait-negative hosts Hit rule: A defined host trait / marker enriches for susceptibility
Finding: The retrieved evidence examines the relationship between hepatitis A virus (HAV) susceptibility and COVID-19 mortality, not new hepatitis attributed to COVID-19 vaccination.
Cited: (none)
supporting: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Susceptibility trait coherence OR latency OR susceptibility pubmed · 870068 hits · run 2026-09-07
mirror: COVID-19 vaccine Hepatitis Susceptibility trait inconsistent OR contradicts pubmed · 27612 hits · run 2026-09-07
1 retrieved record(s)
does_not_resolve 32718125 · Turkish journal of medical sciences (2021) — Hepatitis A susceptibility parallels high COVID-19 mortality.
How this was built
Per node: a supporting and a mirror PubMed query built from the node's measure / population / comparator / hit_rule; top hits fetched (title + abstract); each record classified (supports / refutes / ambiguous) by xAI with a heuristic fallback; a per-node synthesis is generated strictly from the retrieved PMIDs; the node status is then rolled up to C1–C6. Full query provenance is shown per node above. Reproduce the build: python -m evidence_run. Data: data/evidence_run/state.json.