Name: Polio (IPV) Vaccine
Brand: IPOL
SKU: polio

1. Basic Information

Disease Protected Against

Poliomyelitis (Polio) is a enteroviral infection that can cause irreversible acute flaccid paralysis in ~1% of infections. Before vaccination, polio caused widespread epidemics. The U.S. experienced its peak epidemic in 1952 with >21,000 paralytic cases. Polio has been declared eliminated in the Americas (1994), but wild poliovirus type 1 remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) from OPV use in other countries represent an ongoing global eradication challenge.

CDC Schedule (U.S., 2025)

Dose	Age
Dose 1	2 months
Dose 2	4 months
Dose 3	6–18 months
Dose 4 (booster)	4–6 years

Source: CDC ACIP, 2025 schedule. IPV is given as a standalone vaccine (IPOL^®) or as part of combination vaccines (Kinrix, Quadracel, Pediarix, Pentacel, VAXELIS).

Documented Adverse Events (HRSA VICP)

The following adverse events are documented by the HRSA Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) as having a temporal relationship to this vaccine. These are not necessarily confirmed causal relationships, but rather conditions for which claims have been compensated or are presumed caused by the vaccine.

WHO Causality Assessment Methodology

The World Health Organization's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) uses a 4-level causality classification:

Consistent: Epidemiological studies demonstrate a statistically significant association with temporal specificity and biological plausibility. Replicated across independent populations and study designs.
Indeterminate: Evidence exists but is insufficient to confirm or rule out causality. May be limited by sample size, confounding, or inconsistency across studies.
Inconsistent: Studies have not demonstrated a consistent or convincing association. Evidence against causality outweighs evidence for it.
Unclassifiable: Insufficient data to reach any conclusion. Requires further evidence.

Source: WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS), 2021–2025 causality review cycles. See also Institute of Medicine (IOM) Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality (2012) for pre-COVID vaccine assessments.

Condition	Time Window	Causality Level	HRSA Description
Anaphylaxis	0-1 days	Consistent WHO Determination (2021, 2023): Consistent for all COVID-19 vaccines. Rate: ~2–5 per million doses. Temporal specificity (onset within minutes, consistent with IgE-mediated). Plausible biological mechanism: immediate hypersensitivity to vaccine excipients (PEG for mRNA, polysorbate for adenoviral). Verified via passive surveillance convergence across multiple national systems (VAERS, EudraVigilance, MHRA Yellow Card, TGA DAEN). Biological Mechanism: Not thought to be spike protein mediated; likely polyethylene glycol (PEG) in mRNA vaccines triggers IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation Clinical Evidence: (Kuder et al., 2021); Mechanism: (Risma et al., 2021) Spike Protein Evidence: Not tested	Anaphylaxis occurring within 4 hours following vaccination

Important Notes

HRSA VICP: Conditions listed are documented by HRSA as having temporal relationship to vaccination. Compensation does not imply causation.
Temporal Association: These conditions occurred after vaccination within the specified time window, but other factors may have contributed.
Rarity: Most adverse events are extremely rare. Serious adverse events from vaccines occur in roughly 1-2 per million doses.
Biological Plausibility: Mechanistic evidence is under review and will be integrated in Q3 2026.
Benefit-Risk: This page documents documented injuries. See disease burden pages for context on prevented diseases.

Ingredients (Package Insert)

Structured composition for 1 branded product covered on this page, taken from FDA-approved package inserts (DailyMed / manufacturer prescribing information). Lists are per product — formulations differ by manufacturer and presentation. Click an ingredient name to open its safety-context page when available.

Inactivated Intramuscular (IM) Preservative: 2-Phenoxyethanol Formaldehyde Neomycin

IPOL Sanofi Pasteur · Inactivated

Delivery

Route: Intramuscular (IM)

Form: Suspension for injection

Dose volume: 0.5 mL

Presentation: single-dose syringe or multi-dose vial

Encapsulation / delivery vehicle

None (no nanoparticle/VLP encapsulation system)

Antigens

Antigen	Type	Amount / dose
Poliovirus Type 1 (Mahoney), inactivated	Inactivated virus	40 D-antigen units
Poliovirus Type 2 (MEF-1), inactivated	Inactivated virus	8 D-antigen units
Poliovirus Type 3 (Saukett), inactivated	Inactivated virus	32 D-antigen units

Adjuvants

None listed on the package insert for this product (common for live attenuated and some inactivated whole-virus vaccines).

Preservatives

2-Phenoxyethanol — 0.5%
Present in IPOL formulation with residual formaldehyde.

Excipients & residuals

Ingredient	Category	Amount	Role
Formaldehyde	Residual (inactivating agent)	max 0.02%	inactivating agent residual
M-199 medium components	Residual (culture)	diluent vehicle	medium
Neomycin	Residual (antibiotic)	trace residual	residual antibiotic
Streptomycin	Residual (antibiotic)	trace residual	residual antibiotic
Polymyxin B	Residual (antibiotic)	trace residual	residual antibiotic
Calf serum	Residual (manufacturing)	trace residual	residual

Inactivated whole-virus; no aluminum adjuvant.

Source: DailyMed · Verified 2026-07-09

ⓘ How to read this section

Ingredient lists are sourced from official package inserts for the specific brands named above. Formulations can change between lots and over time — verify against the current label before any clinical decision. Presence of a substance does not by itself indicate harm; toxicology is dose-, route-, and context-dependent. Browse the full ingredient database: Vaccine Ingredients index.

Causality assessment & potential mechanisms

Conditions below combine WHO-style causality levels with potential biological mechanisms from the site mechanism catalog (ae_mechanisms_catalog.json). HRSA VICP table listing (where shown) indicates a compensable temporal association under U.S. program rules — not automatic proof of causation for every case. Mechanisms are hypothesis-level pathways with graded evidence.

Condition	Time window	Causality	Potential mechanism(s)
Anaphylaxis HRSA table	0–1 days	Very likely / Probable Evidence: High	IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) (primary · hypersensitivity) Pre-existing or newly formed IgE against vaccine antigens or excipients (e.g., gelatin, egg proteins, PEG, polysorbate) triggers mast-cell and basophil degranulation with systemic mediator release.
SIRVA	0–2 days	Very likely / Probable Evidence: High	SIRVA — incorrect injection into shoulder structures (primary · procedural) Needle placement into the subdeltoid/subacromial bursa or joint rather than deltoid muscle causes prolonged local inflammation and restricted range of motion (procedural, not antigen-specific).

Framework: WHO causality + HRSA VICP (where applicable) + AE mechanism catalog. Last updated: 2026-07-18. Schema: schemas/vaccine_injury_table.schema.json · Mechanisms: schemas/ae_mechanism.schema.json. Not medical or legal advice.

2. Pre-Licensure Clinical Trial Data

Licensure trial design (ICAN / OpenVAERS)

The table below reproduces ICAN’s No Placebo Table rows for U.S. childhood-schedule products relevant to this page — including the control/comparator used in FDA licensing trials (not always saline placebo). OSMF presents this for transparency; it is not an endorsement of ICAN interpretations.

Vaccine	Brand	Manufacturer	Doses (schedule)	Ages injected	Control / comparator	Placebo	Safety review window
IPV	IPOL	Sanofi	4	2M 4M 6M 4Y	None	No	3 days

Source: OpenVAERS — No Placebo Table · ICAN original PDF · Attribution: Informed Consent Action Network (ICAN) via OpenVAERS · Last fetched: 2026-07-16. For many trials listing '6 months' safety review, ICAN notes review was typically ~30 days post-injection with a phone call at 6 months.

The current enhanced-potency IPV (IPOL, Sanofi) was licensed in 1987 based on immunogenicity trials. Prior IPV formulations date back to the Salk vaccine (1955). The enhanced IPV formulation was developed to improve immunogenicity.

Metric	Data
Pre-licensure safety population	~2,000+ children; immunogenicity studies in ~1,500
Seroconversion (3-dose series)	~99–100% for all 3 poliovirus types
Most common reactions	Injection site pain (~5–15%), erythema (~2–5%), fever (~5–10%)

IPV has minimal reactogenicity compared to many other childhood vaccines. This is one of the least reactogenic vaccines on the pediatric schedule.

Key Limitation

IPV produces excellent humoral immunity (prevents paralysis) but induces less mucosal (intestinal) immunity than OPV. This means IPV-vaccinated individuals can still be asymptomatically infected with poliovirus and shed it in stool, though they are protected from paralysis. This is relevant for global eradication efforts.

3. Post-Licensure Safety Data

IPV has an excellent post-licensure safety record with >35 years of U.S. data. VSD and VAERS surveillance have not identified unexpected safety signals. The switch from OPV to IPV in 2000 eliminated the risk of VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic polio), which was the primary safety concern with the prior OPV formulation. IOM (2012) did not identify safety concerns specific to IPV.

⚠ Critical Caveat

VAERS data represent unverified reports. A report to VAERS does not mean the vaccine caused the event.

VAERS Reporting Data — Halma & Varon (2025), DARE-SAFE

The DARE-SAFE paper (Halma & Varon, Pharmacoepidemiology 2025, CC BY 4.0) analyzed VAERS reports for vaccines administered in the United States from 2006–2022. The following data are extracted from Table 1 of that paper for this vaccine (IPV (Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine)):

Metric	Value
U.S. doses administered (2006–2022)	85,815,525
Total VAERS AE reports	16,104
AE reporting rate (per 100,000 doses)	18.8
Total death reports	93
Death reporting rate (per 100,000 doses)	0.108
AE-to-Death ratio	173:1

Source: Halma, M.; Varon, J. DARE-SAFE. Pharmacoepidemiology. 2025. DOI: 10.3390/pharma4020007. CC BY 4.0. Data from Table 1.

📚 Important Interpretive Caveats (from the paper itself)

Reporting rate ≠ incidence rate. VAERS is a passive, unverified system. A report means someone submitted a claim of temporal association, not a confirmed causal event. The paper is explicit that causality cannot be inferred from these numbers alone.
Reporting behavior is not uniform. More serious, unusual, or media-salient events are reported at much higher rates than mild ones. Products receiving more public, media, legal, and clinical attention (particularly COVID-19 vaccines, which also benefited from V-safe active-surveillance prompts and CICP compensation pathways) generate more reports per dose regardless of true risk.
Age and comorbidity confounding is not adjusted. COVID-19 vaccines were disproportionately administered to elderly and comorbid populations (nursing homes, 65+, high-risk groups in early 2021) with much higher background all-cause mortality than the general child/working-age population. Some fraction of temporally-associated deaths would occur regardless of vaccination, and the paper does not perform a background-rate comparison.
Stimulated reporting is a known, documented phenomenon. Media coverage, plaintiff attorney solicitation, and advocacy campaigns — all independently inflate VAERS reporting propensity. The paper cites this literature but does not correct for it.
Small-denominator rows are unreliable. Rates computed from small denominators (e.g., monovalent measles, DT, mumps, rubella) have enormous statistical uncertainty and should not be compared to vaccines with hundreds of millions of administered doses without noting the wide confidence intervals.

Source: Halma, M.; Varon, J. DARE-SAFE: Denominator-Adjusted Rate Estimates of Substance Adverse Events Frequency Evaluation in Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines. Pharmacoepidemiology. 2025, 4, 7. DOI: 10.3390/pharma4020007. CC BY 4.0.

Passive Surveillance: AE Type Breakdown (Multi-System)

Side-by-side view of U.S. VAERS, Health Canada Canada Vigilance, Japan JADER (PMDA), EU EudraVigilance, and live-scraped international systems via SurVigilance (VigiAccess, Lareb, DAEN, DMA, Medsafe). SurVigilance panels show MedDRA PT mention totals (not individual-case counts). Category assignment uses keyword matching — approximate, not official SOC coding. VAERS ZIP CAPTCHA downloads use this site’s vaers_pipeline.py; FAERS is bulk quarterly ZIP via SurVigilance (not product search).

VAERS (United States)

Canada Vigilance (Canada)

JADER (PMDA, Japan)

EudraVigilance (EU)

No matching vaccine cases in the current EudraVigilance DAP export.

SurVigilance: VigiAccess · Lareb · DAEN · DMA · Medsafe

VigiAccess (WHO)

Lareb (Netherlands)

DAEN (Australia)

No DAEN (Australia) data yet — run python scrape_survigilance_one.py daen <vaccine-id> or python survigilance_pipeline.py --system daen (SurVigilance + direct scrapers: GitHub).

DMA (Denmark)

Denmark DMA interactive ADR search is currently offline (Danish Medicines Agency IT transition; public overviews frozen at 12 Mar 2024). Live product PT tables cannot be retrieved until DKMA restores the search. See DKMA notice. Denmark continues to report into EU EudraVigilance (panel above).

Medsafe (New Zealand)

VAERS (U.S., 2006–2024): 3,994 symptom mentions (4.65/100k doses). Largest share: Other / Unclassified (64%), General / Systemic (non-local) (7%), Injection-site / Local reaction (5%). Canada Vigilance (CV Online extract): 7 reaction mentions in 4 unique reports (100.0% serious (4 of 4 reports)). Largest share: Neurological (29%), Cardiac / Cardiovascular (14%), Allergic / Anaphylactic (14%). JADER (PMDA public CSV extract): 66 reaction mentions in 49 unique reports (22.4% serious (11 of 49 reports)). Largest share: Neurological (42%), Other / Unclassified (17%), General / Systemic (non-local) (11%). VigiAccess (WHO): 411,726 reaction-term mentions · search: polio. Largest share: General / Systemic (non-local) (24%), Injection-site / Local reaction (18%), Other / Unclassified (15%). Lareb (Netherlands): 17 reaction-term mentions · search: poliovirus vaccine inactivated. Largest share: General / Systemic (non-local) (29%), Injection-site / Local reaction (29%), Musculoskeletal (12%). Medsafe (New Zealand): 2,672 reaction-term mentions · search: polio. Largest share: Gastrointestinal (44%), Psychiatric / Neuropsychiatric (14%), Other / Unclassified (12%). Cross-database note: All systems are passive and unverified; reporting rates are not directly comparable across countries (different populations, reporting incentives, and lack of dose denominators for Canada/Japan/EU). top VAERS: Other / Unclassified; top Canada Vigilance: Neurological; top JADER: Neurological. SurVigilance note: VigiAccess, Lareb, DAEN, DMA, and Medsafe counts are live-scraped MedDRA PT mention totals (not deduplicated individual cases). Data via SurVigilance (GPL-3.0; pip install SurVigilance). Category assignment uses keyword matching on reported reaction terms — approximate and exploratory. Neither database establishes causality.

Compare AE patterns across all vaccines →

Pharmacovigilance Lot Signal Detection — Hypothesis-Generating Only

Multi-system context below. VAERS (U.S.) supports lot-level volume z-scores and seriousness flags by product and lot (2006–2024). Each lot links to a summary with report count, seriousness %, adverse-event pie chart, U.S. state map, and timeline. A signal flag means a statistical threshold was exceeded — not that a lot is unsafe. Full dashboard →

VAERS flags: VOL high report volume (z ≥ 3) · BURST clustered in <90 days · SER serious reports >50%. Lot numbers are voluntary/incomplete in VAERS. Location data is U.S. state only (no postal codes in the public extract).

VAERS (United States) — all lots by product

1,147 reports with usable lot across 95 lots · 6 flagged

Loading lot tables…

Other Pharmacovigilance Systems

Lot-level analysis is only possible where reporters supply batch/lot numbers in the public extract. Canada Vigilance, JADER (PMDA, Japan), and most other national systems publish product-level spontaneous reports without lot fields.

Canada Vigilance (Health Canada)

4 unique reports · 7 reaction mentions · 100.0% serious (4 of 4 reports). Top categories: Neurological (29%), Cardiac / Cardiovascular (14%), Allergic / Anaphylactic (14%).

Canada Vigilance spontaneous reports are unverified temporal associations. The public CV Online data extract does not include lot or batch numbers, so lot-level signal detection is not possible for this system — only product-level reaction patterns are shown here. No Canadian dose denominators are available. Extract 2026-03-31.

Search Canada Vigilance →

JADER (PMDA, Japan)

49 unique reports · 66 reaction mentions · 22.4% serious (11 of 49 reports). Top categories: Neurological (42%), Other / Unclassified (17%), General / Systemic (non-local) (11%).

JADER (Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database) spontaneous reports are unverified temporal associations; PMDA has not assessed causality per case. The public CSV extract does not include lot or batch numbers, so lot-level signal detection is not possible — only product-level reaction patterns are shown here. Reaction terms in source data use MedDRA/J Preferred Terms. JADER CSV extract pmdacasereport202606 (2026-06). JADER reference (PDF)

Search JADER / PMDA adverse reactions →

No EudraVigilance (EU) summary is mapped for this page.

VigiAccess (WHO)

411,726 MedDRA PT mentions · search: polio. Top categories: General / Systemic (non-local) (24%), Injection-site / Local reaction (18%), Other / Unclassified (15%).

Live-scraped public portal data via SurVigilance (GPL-3.0). Counts are reaction-term mentions, not deduplicated individual cases. No lot/batch field.

Search VigiAccess (WHO) →

Lareb (Netherlands)

17 MedDRA PT mentions · search: poliovirus vaccine inactivated. Top categories: General / Systemic (non-local) (29%), Injection-site / Local reaction (29%), Musculoskeletal (12%).

Live-scraped public portal data via SurVigilance (GPL-3.0). Counts are reaction-term mentions, not deduplicated individual cases. No lot/batch field.

Search Lareb (Netherlands) →

System	Region	Lot data
VAERS	United States	Lot data
Canada Vigilance	Canada	No public lot field
JADER (PMDA, Japan)	Japan	No public lot field
Lareb (Netherlands)	Netherlands	No public lot field
EudraVigilance	European Union	No public lot field
VigiAccess (WHO)	Global	No public lot field
Yellow Card (UK)	United Kingdom	No public lot field
DAEN (Australia)	Australia	No public lot field

All global data sources → · Data schemas →

Active Pharmacovigilance (Defined-Population Surveillance)

Curated findings for Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) from active systems (not VAERS). Page inventory last reviewed: 2026-07-10.

ⓘ Active vs. passive — why this pane is separate

The VAERS / multi-system charts above are passive surveillance: spontaneous, unverified reports without a fixed denominator. Active surveillance starts from a defined, enumerated population (EHR/claims or structured post-vaccination surveys), applies pre-specified statistical tests, and asks whether an outcome occurs more often than expected in a risk window versus a comparison window or group. These are not two flavors of the same evidence — active findings are the harder tier that can confirm, refute, or leave under investigation a signal first hinted in passive data. Do not add VAERS report counts to active incidence rates.

○ No signal detected ◐ Signal under investigation ◑ Investigated — not confirmed ● Signal confirmed (true association) – Not currently under active surveillance

CDC Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD)

Outcome: Serious outcomes after IPV (U.S. schedule)

Tier 2 ○ No signal detected

U.S. use of IPV (rather than OPV) eliminated vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis as a schedule risk. Active monitoring of IPV has not identified a new confirmed rare risk comparable to historical OPV VAPP.

Population

Children receiving IPV at VSD sites

Risk interval

Study-specific

Comparison

Control intervals

Evaluation period

Post-2000 U.S. exclusive IPV era

Method

Observational monitoring within pediatric schedules

Sources: CDC VSD

Record last reviewed: 2026-07-10

Update cadence: Tier 1: check AusVaxSafety monthly when public pages update. Tier 2/3: quarterly review around ACIP meetings and PubMed/MMWR; set lastReviewed per record. Source tiers: Tier 1 = public near-real-time dashboards (e.g. AusVaxSafety); Tier 2 = VSD / Sentinel / PRAC-type findings released via ACIP slides, MMWR, or papers (no public VSD raw dashboard); Tier 3 = regulator label/safety communications. Detecting a signal and later classifying it as not confirmed is normal system behavior — not an anomaly to hide or amplify.

4. Documented Adverse Events

Rank-aggregated VAERS signal detection (rankv)

The table below lists vaccine–event pairs that were detected as disproportionality signals by all four base methods used in rankv (GPS, PRR, ROR, BCPNN) on multi-decade VAERS data, then ordered by rank aggregation (Borda average rank; related to the Spearman/GA top-list approach in the rankv paper).

Agg. rank	VAERS product	Preferred term (event)	N	Method ranks (GPS / PRR / ROR / BCPNN)
264	INACT. (POLIOVAX)	Gastrointestinal haemorrhage clinical-coded PT	52	GPS rank 280 (EBGM=6.6); PRR rank 242 (PRR=13.7256); ROR rank 242 (ROR=13.7524); BCPNN rank 228 (IC_LB=2.9446)

Showing up to 15 pairs for this page (clinical-coded terms listed first). Full processed tables: rankv_signals.json.

Methods combined: BCPNN (IC), GPS/EBGM, PRR, ROR — then rank aggregation.
Data: ~30 years of public VAERS (rankv processed tables).
Origin: precisionFDA “Gaining New Insights by Detecting Adverse Event Anomalies” challenge solution.
Caveat: Disproportionality signals are statistical associations in spontaneous reports. They do not establish causality, incidence, or product defect. Many top pairs reflect administration/product-use coding rather than clinical injury.

Source: nanx.me/rankv · Code: github.com/nanxstats/rankv (MIT) · Built: 2026-07-30.

▶ Strong Evidence

Injection site reactions: Mild pain (5–15%), erythema (2–5%). Strong
Low-grade fever: 5–10%. Strong
Anaphylaxis: Extremely rare (~1 per million doses). Strong

▶ Historical Note (OPV — No Longer Used in U.S.)

The OPV was associated with VAPP at a rate of ~1 per 2.4 million doses (approximately 8–10 cases/year in the U.S. when OPV was used). This was the reason for the U.S. switch to IPV in 2000. Strong (causal for OPV; not applicable to IPV)

5. Disease Prevention Benefits

Metric	Pre-Vaccine Era	Post-Vaccine Era (U.S.)
Paralytic polio (annual)	~21,000 cases (1952 peak)	0 wild-type cases since 1979; last U.S. case 1979 (imported 1993)
Global polio (1988 vs. 2023)	~350,000 cases/year	<1,000 cases/year (>99.9% reduction)

A 2022 case of paralytic polio in an unvaccinated individual in Rockland County, NY, and detection of poliovirus in wastewater, served as a reminder of ongoing risk.

Disease Burden Over Time

Reported U.S. disease burden by year. The dashed vertical line marks vaccine introduction. Hover or tap data points for values; use arrow keys when a chart has focus.

ⓘ About these charts: These are accessible SVG line charts with keyboard navigation, hover tooltips, and an underlying data table (expand below). The dashed vertical line marks the year of vaccine introduction. Reported cases undercount true incidence; case definitions, reporting practices, and diagnostic methods have changed over time. See Section 5 for additional context and pre-vs-post era comparisons.

7. Evidence Summary

IPV is one of the safest and most effective vaccines in the pediatric schedule. The safety record is extensive (>35 years), and no significant post-licensure safety signals have been identified. The primary historical safety concern (VAPP) was specific to OPV and was eliminated by the IPV switch. Evidence limitations relate primarily to the modest size of pre-licensure trials (by modern standards) and the difficulty of isolating IPV-specific safety signals when most doses are given as combination vaccines.

8. International Surveillance & Global Data

Quick links to public pharmacovigilance databases and trial registries relevant to Polio (IPV) Vaccine. Reporting counts do not establish causality.

Note: Spontaneous reports are unverified observations. Compare with epidemiological studies in Sections 3–6 before drawing conclusions.

9. Curated Adverse Event Literature

Curated peer-reviewed literature linking specific adverse events to Polio (IPV) Vaccine. Each entry is a case report, case series, or related safety publication identified via PubMed. Expand Search PubMed for additional literature below to run custom queries.

Disclaimer: Published reports describe observations and associations; they do not establish population incidence or causality.

10. Key References

IOM. Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality. National Academies Press; 2012.
CDC. Pink Book — Poliomyelitis chapter. cdc.gov/pinkbook
Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). polioeradication.org
CDC. VSD. cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/about/vsd.html
CDC/FDA. VAERS. vaers.hhs.gov

1. Basic Information

Disease Protected Against

CDC Schedule (U.S., 2025)

Documented Adverse Events (HRSA VICP)

WHO Causality Assessment Methodology

Important Notes

Ingredients (Package Insert)

Antigens

Adjuvants

Preservatives

Excipients & residuals

Causality assessment & potential mechanisms

2. Pre-Licensure Clinical Trial Data

Licensure trial design (ICAN / OpenVAERS)

Key Limitation

3. Post-Licensure Safety Data

VAERS Reporting Data — Halma & Varon (2025), DARE-SAFE

Passive Surveillance: AE Type Breakdown (Multi-System)

VAERS (United States)

Canada Vigilance (Canada)

JADER (PMDA, Japan)

EudraVigilance (EU)

SurVigilance: VigiAccess · Lareb · DAEN · DMA · Medsafe

VigiAccess (WHO)

Lareb (Netherlands)

DAEN (Australia)

DMA (Denmark)

Medsafe (New Zealand)

Pharmacovigilance Lot Signal Detection — Hypothesis-Generating Only

Other Pharmacovigilance Systems

Canada Vigilance (Health Canada)

JADER (PMDA, Japan)

VigiAccess (WHO)

Lareb (Netherlands)

Active Pharmacovigilance (Defined-Population Surveillance)

CDC Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD)

4. Documented Adverse Events

Rank-aggregated VAERS signal detection (rankv)

▶ Strong Evidence

▶ Historical Note (OPV — No Longer Used in U.S.)

5. Disease Prevention Benefits

Disease Burden Over Time

7. Evidence Summary

8. International Surveillance & Global Data

9. Curated Adverse Event Literature

10. Key References

Which Program Covers My Vaccine?

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