{
  "_meta": {
    "description": "Veterinary vaccines by species — availability vs core/recommended vs legal requirements (primarily US-oriented). Not a substitute for a herd veterinarian or official state/USDA rules.",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-07-10",
    "jurisdictionFocus": "United States (AVMA/AAHA/WSAVA companion; AABP/AASV/AAAP-type food animal practice; USDA APHIS CVB licensing)",
    "disclaimer": "Status labels are simplified for education. 'Legally required' is rare for production animals at federal level and often state/export/fair-specific. Always verify with USDA APHIS, state animal health officials, and a licensed veterinarian."
  },
  "statusLegend": [
    {
      "id": "legally_required",
      "label": "Legally required (context-specific)",
      "description": "Required by law or regulation in a defined context (e.g. rabies for dogs in most US jurisdictions; import/export or exhibition rules). Not the same as 'core' medical recommendation."
    },
    {
      "id": "core_recommended",
      "label": "Core / widely recommended",
      "description": "Guidelines advise nearly all animals of the species receive this (AVMA/AAHA/WSAVA core; AABP core antigens for cattle, etc.)."
    },
    {
      "id": "risk_based",
      "label": "Risk-based / non-core",
      "description": "Recommended based on geography, production system, exposure, or lifestyle."
    },
    {
      "id": "available",
      "label": "Available (optional / specialty)",
      "description": "USDA-licensed or commonly used products exist; not universally core."
    },
    {
      "id": "in_development",
      "label": "In development / conditional path",
      "description": "Research, field trials, or conditional licensing path — not standard universal use."
    }
  ],
  "species": [
    {
      "id": "cattle",
      "name": "Cattle (beef & dairy)",
      "category": "food",
      "icon": "🐄",
      "summary": "No single federal law requires a full vaccination schedule for all US cattle. Programs are veterinarian-directed. AABP lists core antigens useful for most herds; state fairs, sale barns, and export certificates may add requirements.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "AABP Vaccination Guidelines (2021)", "url": "http://www.aabp.org/committees/resources/VaccGuidelines2021.pdf"},
        {"label": "USDA APHIS Veterinary Biologics", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/veterinary-biologics"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "IBR (BHV-1)", "disease": "Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "AABP core respiratory antigen for most cattle."},
        {"name": "BVDV (types 1 & 2)", "disease": "Bovine viral diarrhea", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Core in most herd protocols; PI animal control is critical."},
        {"name": "BRSV", "disease": "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "AABP core respiratory antigen."},
        {"name": "PI3", "disease": "Parainfluenza-3", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Often combined in multivalent respiratory vaccines."},
        {"name": "Clostridial (7- or 8-way)", "disease": "Blackleg, malignant edema, enterotoxemia, etc.", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "AABP core clostridial complex for most cattle."},
        {"name": "Leptospirosis (multivalent)", "disease": "Leptospira spp.", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Common in breeding herds; regional risk."},
        {"name": "Brucella abortus (RB51)", "disease": "Brucellosis", "status": "legally_required", "notes": "Heifer calfhood vaccination still used in some states/programs; federal eradication rules apply — check state veterinarian."},
        {"name": "Mannheimia / Pasteurella / Histophilus", "disease": "Bacterial BRD pathogens", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Feedlot and high-risk calf programs."},
        {"name": "Scours (E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus)", "disease": "Neonatal calf diarrhea", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Dam vaccination or calf products depending on system."},
        {"name": "Pinkeye (Moraxella)", "disease": "Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Pasture risk; variable efficacy."},
        {"name": "Anthrax", "disease": "Bacillus anthracis", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Endemic soil regions; sometimes required after outbreaks."},
        {"name": "H5N1 influenza (cattle)", "disease": "Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle", "status": "in_development", "notes": "Multiple companies pursuing cattle H5N1 vaccines; USDA has advanced field-trial pathways. Not a routine national mandate as of mid-2026 — verify current APHIS status."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "swine",
      "name": "Swine (pigs)",
      "category": "food",
      "icon": "🐖",
      "summary": "Commercial swine vaccination is production-system specific (AASV guidance + herd vet). Few universal legal mandates; packer/export and PRRS/PCV2 control drive programs.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "American Association of Swine Veterinarians", "url": "https://www.aasv.org/"},
        {"label": "USDA APHIS Veterinary Biologics", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/veterinary-biologics"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "PCV2 / PCV2-PCV3 products", "disease": "Porcine circovirus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Near-universal in commercial growing pigs."},
        {"name": "Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae", "disease": "Enzootic pneumonia", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Standard in most commercial systems."},
        {"name": "PRRS (MLV / killed)", "disease": "Porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Herd-status dependent; major economic driver."},
        {"name": "Ileitis (Lawsonia)", "disease": "Proliferative enteropathy", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Common grow-finish antigen."},
        {"name": "Erysipelas", "disease": "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Breeding and grow herds."},
        {"name": "Parvovirus + leptospirosis + erysipelas (PLE)", "disease": "Reproductive disease complex", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Standard breeding-herd protocol."},
        {"name": "Influenza A (swine)", "disease": "Swine influenza", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Autogenous and commercial products; strain matching matters."},
        {"name": "E. coli / clostridial scours", "disease": "Neonatal diarrhea", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Sow vaccination programs."},
        {"name": "ASF vaccines", "disease": "African swine fever", "status": "in_development", "notes": "Not licensed for routine US commercial use; global R&D intensive. US remains ASF-free with strict import controls."},
        {"name": "PEDV / PDCoV", "disease": "Porcine epidemic diarrhea / deltacoronavirus", "status": "available", "notes": "Autogenous and commercial tools used after outbreaks."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "poultry",
      "name": "Poultry (chickens, turkeys)",
      "category": "food",
      "icon": "🐔",
      "summary": "Commercial poultry use dense vaccination schedules set by integrators and veterinarians. HPAI policy is politically and trade-sensitive in the US; vaccination is not equivalent to routine broiler/layer core programs for ND/IBD.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "American Association of Avian Pathologists", "url": "https://www.aaap.info/"},
        {"label": "USDA APHIS Avian Influenza", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "Marek's disease", "disease": "Marek's disease herpesvirus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Hatchery vaccination nearly universal for commercial chicks."},
        {"name": "Newcastle disease (NDV)", "disease": "Avian paramyxovirus-1", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Core commercial programs; forms vary (live/killed)."},
        {"name": "Infectious bronchitis (IBV)", "disease": "Coronavirus IBV", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Strain selection regional and company-specific."},
        {"name": "Infectious bursal disease (IBD/Gumboro)", "disease": "Birnavirus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Broiler and layer programs."},
        {"name": "Coccidiosis (vaccines / coccidia)", "disease": "Eimeria spp.", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Vaccine vs. anticoccidial programs; common in antibiotic-free systems."},
        {"name": "Fowl pox", "disease": "Avipoxvirus", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Geographic and flock-type dependent."},
        {"name": "Avian encephalomyelitis / other layer antigens", "disease": "Multiple", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Breeder/layer schedules."},
        {"name": "Salmonella vaccines", "disease": "Salmonella enterica serovars", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Food-safety driven; linked to FSIS Salmonella frameworks."},
        {"name": "HPAI H5 vaccines (poultry)", "disease": "Highly pathogenic avian influenza", "status": "available", "notes": "Some products have conditional paths; US use is policy-limited (trade/surveillance implications). Not a routine nationwide broiler mandate."},
        {"name": "Next-gen HPAI / multivalent AI", "disease": "Avian influenza", "status": "in_development", "notes": "Active industry and USDA stockpile/conditional licensing work."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "small-ruminants",
      "name": "Sheep & goats",
      "category": "food",
      "icon": "🐑",
      "summary": "CDT (clostridial) is the practical core for most flocks/herds. Regulatory requirements are mainly for movement, scrapie ID, and exhibition — not a full federal vaccine list.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners", "url": "https://aasrp.org/"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "CDT (C. perfringens C&D + tetanus)", "disease": "Enterotoxemia & tetanus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Standard for lambs/kids and breeding stock."},
        {"name": "Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA)", "disease": "Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Flock status dependent."},
        {"name": "Soremouth (orf)", "disease": "Contagious ecthyma", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Live vaccine; human zoonosis precautions."},
        {"name": "Rabies", "disease": "Rabies virus", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Not universal; used in endemic/exposure risk settings."},
        {"name": "Abortion complex (Campylobacter, Chlamydia)", "disease": "Infectious abortion", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Breeding flock programs."},
        {"name": "Footrot / other regional", "disease": "Multiple", "status": "available", "notes": "Region and management specific."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "aquaculture",
      "name": "Aquaculture (fish & other farmed aquatic)",
      "category": "food",
      "icon": "🐟",
      "summary": "Vaccination is species- and production-system specific (salmonids, catfish, tilapia, etc.). Many products are autogenous. Not federally 'required' as a national schedule.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "USDA APHIS Veterinary Biologics", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/veterinary-biologics"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "Furunculosis / vibriosis / enteric redmouth (salmonids)", "disease": "Bacterial septicemias", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Common in salmonid aquaculture globally."},
        {"name": "Infectious salmon anemia / other viral", "disease": "Viral diseases of salmonids", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Jurisdiction and industry dependent."},
        {"name": "Autogenous bacterins", "disease": "Farm-specific pathogens", "status": "available", "notes": "Widely used when commercial products unavailable."},
        {"name": "Novel viral / parasite vaccines", "disease": "Emerging aquaculture pathogens", "status": "in_development", "notes": "Active R&D; limited public trial transparency vs human CT.gov."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dogs",
      "name": "Dogs",
      "category": "companion",
      "icon": "🐕",
      "summary": "AVMA/AAHA: core vs non-core. Rabies is the main legally required vaccine in most US states/localities (often for licensure). Lifestyle drives non-core choices.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "AVMA — Vaccinating your pet", "url": "https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/vaccinations"},
        {"label": "WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines 2024", "url": "https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "Rabies", "disease": "Rabies virus", "status": "legally_required", "notes": "Required for dog licensing in most US jurisdictions; schedule set by state/local law + product label."},
        {"name": "DHPP / DA2PP (distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, parainfluenza)", "disease": "CDV, CAV, CPV-2, ± CPI", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "WSAVA/AAHA core: CDV, CAV, CPV. Parainfluenza often included."},
        {"name": "Bordetella (kennel cough)", "disease": "Bordetella bronchiseptica ± other CIRD agents", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Boarding, daycare, shows. New oral products continue to enter market (USDA-licensed)."},
        {"name": "Leptospirosis", "disease": "Leptospira serovars", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Increasingly treated as core in many US regions by AAHA updates — confirm current AAHA with your vet."},
        {"name": "Lyme (Borrelia)", "disease": "Lyme disease", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Tick-endemic areas."},
        {"name": "Canine influenza (H3N2/H3N8)", "disease": "Canine influenza", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Outbreak and social-density risk."},
        {"name": "Crotalus (rattlesnake) toxoid", "disease": "Rattlesnake envenomation (adjunct)", "status": "available", "notes": "Regional specialty product."},
        {"name": "Cancer / therapeutic veterinary vaccines", "disease": "Oncology (e.g. melanoma)", "status": "available", "notes": "Not preventive infectious-disease core; specialist use."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cats",
      "name": "Cats",
      "category": "companion",
      "icon": "🐈",
      "summary": "AAHA/AAFP and WSAVA: FVRCP core; rabies often legally required; FeLV core for kittens/outdoor risk. Injection-site sarcoma risk informs product and site choice.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines", "url": "https://www.aaha.org/resources/2020-aahaaafp-feline-vaccination-guidelines/core-vaccines-for-pet-cats/"},
        {"label": "AVMA — Vaccinating your pet", "url": "https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/vaccinations"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "Rabies", "disease": "Rabies virus", "status": "legally_required", "notes": "Often required by local law; recombinant and inactivated options."},
        {"name": "FVRCP (FHV-1, FCV, FPV)", "disease": "Herpesvirus, calicivirus, panleukopenia", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Universal core for pet cats."},
        {"name": "FeLV", "disease": "Feline leukemia virus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Core for kittens and outdoor/multi-cat risk; lifestyle thereafter."},
        {"name": "Chlamydia / Bordetella", "disease": "Respiratory pathogens", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Shelter and multi-cat environments."},
        {"name": "FIV", "disease": "Feline immunodeficiency virus", "status": "available", "notes": "Use controversial; test interpretation issues — discuss with veterinarian."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "horses",
      "name": "Horses",
      "category": "companion",
      "icon": "🐴",
      "summary": "AAEP core vs risk-based. No single federal schedule; show, boarding, and state rules may require specific antigens (especially EIA testing, not a vaccine).",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "AAEP Vaccination Guidelines", "url": "https://aaep.org/guidelines/vaccination-guidelines"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "Eastern/Western equine encephalomyelitis + tetanus (EWT)", "disease": "EEE, WEE, tetanus", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "AAEP core in endemic regions; tetanus core broadly."},
        {"name": "West Nile virus", "disease": "WNV", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "AAEP core in most of US."},
        {"name": "Rabies", "disease": "Rabies", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "AAEP core; some localities regulate."},
        {"name": "Influenza + EHV (rhinopneumonitis)", "disease": "Equine flu & herpesvirus", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Show/travel horses; frequent boosters."},
        {"name": "Strangles (Strep. equi)", "disease": "Strangles", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Outbreak and high-traffic facilities; MLV precautions."},
        {"name": "Potomac horse fever / botulism / other", "disease": "Regional diseases", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Geography and management specific."},
        {"name": "Next-gen infectious disease platforms", "disease": "Emerging equine pathogens", "status": "in_development", "notes": "Industry R&D; limited public trial dashboards."}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "other-companion",
      "name": "Other companion (ferrets, rabbits, etc.)",
      "category": "companion",
      "icon": "🐇",
      "summary": "Fewer licensed products; extra-label and limited schedules. Ferret distemper/rabies commonly used where products available.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "AVMA", "url": "https://www.avma.org/"}
      ],
      "vaccines": [
        {"name": "Canine distemper (ferrets)", "disease": "CDV", "status": "core_recommended", "notes": "Use ferret-appropriate labeled products only."},
        {"name": "Rabies (ferrets)", "disease": "Rabies", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "Where labeled and legally relevant."},
        {"name": "RHDV2 (rabbits)", "disease": "Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2", "status": "risk_based", "notes": "US outbreak-driven demand; product availability varies."},
        {"name": "Species-specific new biologics", "disease": "Multiple", "status": "in_development", "notes": "Smaller markets; slower commercial pipelines."}
      ]
    }
  ],
  "pipeline": [
    {
      "name": "H5N1 influenza vaccines for dairy cattle",
      "species": ["cattle"],
      "stage": "Field trials / conditional licensing pathway",
      "developers": "Multiple (e.g. Medgene/Elanco commercialization agreements; Zoetis and others reported)",
      "notes": "Driven by 2024+ H5N1 detections in US dairy cattle. USDA CVB has issued guidance on livestock HPAI vaccine studies. Not a routine nationwide required vaccine as of last verification.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "USDA CVB notices on HPAI vaccines for livestock", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/veterinary-biologics/regulations-guidance/notices"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "HPAI vaccines for poultry (policy + product updates)",
      "species": ["poultry"],
      "stage": "Licensed products exist; policy-limited use in US",
      "developers": "Multiple animal-health companies",
      "notes": "Trade and surveillance policy constrain widespread US poultry vaccination vs depopulation strategies. Product landscape changes with outbreaks.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "USDA APHIS Avian Influenza", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "African swine fever (ASF) vaccines",
      "species": ["swine"],
      "stage": "Advanced R&D globally; not standard US commercial use",
      "developers": "Global public-private pipeline",
      "notes": "US remains ASF-free; vaccines are a contingency/global research priority, not a domestic routine schedule item.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "USDA APHIS ASF", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/swine/african-swine-fever"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "Improved canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) vaccines",
      "species": ["dogs"],
      "stage": "New USDA licenses / product launches ongoing",
      "developers": "Elanco and others",
      "notes": "Example: newer oral Bordetella products entering market; landscape updates via USDA CVB license notices.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "USDA APHIS Veterinary Biologics notices", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/veterinary-biologics/regulations-guidance/notices"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "mRNA and next-gen platforms for livestock & companion animals",
      "species": ["cattle", "poultry", "swine", "dogs", "cats"],
      "stage": "Preclinical to early commercial interest",
      "developers": "Multiple biotech and animal-health firms",
      "notes": "Active industry discussion; fewer transparent public trial registries than human CT.gov. Treat company claims as Tier-1 self-reported until USDA CVB licenses.",
      "sources": [
        {"label": "USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics", "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/veterinary-biologics"}
      ]
    }
  ]
}