0
Preclinical
Laboratory and animal studies; no human dosing yet.
28
Phase 1
First human studies: safety and dose, usually tens of volunteers.
0
Phase 1/2
Combined safety and immune-response study.
40
Phase 2
Immune response and safety in hundreds; dose and schedule chosen.
0
Phase 2/3
Seamless design that continues into efficacy testing.
102
Phase 3
Efficacy or immunobridging in thousands; the licensing dataset.
2
Submitted to a regulator
Biologics licence or marketing application filed in at least one jurisdiction.
0
Under regulatory review
Application accepted and being assessed.
44
Approved / authorised
Licence or authorisation granted in at least one jurisdiction.
104
Discontinued
Most programmes stop before licensure; they stay listed.
Every candidate in the pipeline dashboard is placed on one fixed ladder, from preclinical work to a routine-use recommendation, and given a status in each of seven regulatory systems. For the United States, the European Union and Canada, whose review targets are published, each candidate also gets three scenario windows (fast, typical, slow) for the next submission, the regulator's decision and the earliest routine use. The United Kingdom, Australia, Japan and WHO prequalification are tracked for status only until their targets can be verified from an official page. Every parameter and its source is in the model table; the numbers are scenario arithmetic, not forecasts.
Reading a window: 2029-03 with 2028-06 to 2030-11 beneath means the typical scenario lands in March 2029 and the fast and slow scenarios bracket it. Programmes stop at every stage: of vaccine programmes entering development in 1998–2009, about 6% reached the market (Pronker 2013). A band says when adoption could happen if the programme succeeds, not whether it will.
Active candidates
| Candidate | Stage and progress | US routine use (typical, band) | EU routine use | Canada routine use | Input grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYFENDUSEmergent BioSolutions · Anthrax · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Ixchiq (VLA1553 / Chikungunya live-attenuated vaccine)Valneva · Chikungunya · Live attenuated | Approved / authorised | — | — | — | A · regulator-dated |
| Chikungunya Vaccine, RecombinantSee FDA listing · Chikungunya · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Ixchiq (VLA1553 / Chikungunya live-attenuated vaccine)Valneva Austria GmbH · Chikungunya · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | — | — | A · regulator-dated |
| VIMKUNYASee FDA listing · Chikungunya · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Ixchiq (VLA1553 / Chikungunya live-attenuated vaccine)Valneva Austria GmbH · Chikungunya · Biological (unspecified platform) | Approved / authorised | — | — | — | A · regulator-dated |
| COMIRNATYPfizer-BioNTech · COVID-19 · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| COVID-19 Vaccine, AdjuvantedSee FDA listing · COVID-19 · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNASee FDA listing · COVID-19 · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| MNEXSPIKESee FDA listing · COVID-19 · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| NUVAXOVIDNovavax, Inc. · COVID-19 · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| SPIKEVAXModernaTX, Inc. · COVID-19 · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine, LiveSee FDA listing · Dengue · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| VAXELISMCM Vaccine Company · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis / Polio / Hib / HepB · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Ebola Zaire Vaccine, LiveSee FDA listing · Ebola · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)See FDA listing · Hepatitis B · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant), AdjuvantedSee FDA listing · Hepatitis B · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, RecombinantSee FDA listing · HPV · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Influenza A (H5N1) Monovalent Vaccine, AdjuvantedSee FDA listing · Influenza · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Influenza VaccineSee FDA listing · Influenza · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Influenza Vaccine (Quadrivalent)See FDA listing · Influenza · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Influenza Vaccine (Trivalent)See FDA listing · Influenza · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Influenza Vaccine, AdjuvantedSee FDA listing · Influenza · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Influenza Virus Vaccine(Trivalent, Types A and B)See FDA listing · Influenza · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine, LiveSee FDA listing · Measles / Mumps / Rubella · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| PRIORIXGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals · Measles / Mumps / Rubella · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Inactivated Poliovirus, Haemophilus b Conjugate [MeningSee FDA listing · Meningococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Meningococcal Group B VaccineSee FDA listing · Meningococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Meningococcal Groups A, B, C, W, and Y VaccineSee FDA listing · Meningococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| PENBRAYASee FDA listing · Meningococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| PENMENVYSee FDA listing · Meningococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Non-ReplicatingSee FDA listing · Mpox / Smallpox · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| CAPVAXIVESee FDA listing · Pneumococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Pneumococcal 15-valent Conjugate VaccineSee FDA listing · Pneumococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Pneumococcal 20-valent Conjugate VaccineSee FDA listing · Pneumococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Pneumococcal 21-valent Conjugate VaccineSee FDA listing · Pneumococcal disease · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| mRNA-1345 (mRESVIA context / next-gen RSV programs)Moderna · RSV · mRNA | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| ABRYSVOPfizer Inc. · RSV · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| AREXVYGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals · RSV · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus VaccineSee FDA listing · RSV · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine, AdjuvantedSee FDA listing · RSV · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| mRESVIAModernaTX, Inc. · RSV · See FDA product page / label | Approved / authorised | — | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| mRESVIA (mRNA-1345 / RSV vaccine)ModernaTX, Inc. · RSV · mRNA | Approved / authorised | — | — | — | A · regulator-dated |
| Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, AdjuvantedSee FDA listing · Varicella / Zoster · Licensed biologic (see FDA product page) | Approved / authorised | 2027-012026-10–2027-06 | 2028-062027-08–2029-12 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| mRNA-1010Moderna · Seasonal influenza · mRNA | Submitted to a regulator | 2027-022026-11–2027-12 | 2027-092026-11–2029-03 | 2027-032026-12–2028-04 | B · company-dated |
| mRNA-1083 (Moderna Combined Influenza + COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine)Moderna · Seasonal influenza + COVID-19 (combination) · mRNA | Submitted to a regulator | 2027-042026-11–2028-03 | 2027-072026-12–2029-01 | 2027-122027-05–2029-01 | A · regulator-dated |
| Pneumococcal VaccineUniversity of Sao Paulo General Hospital · Autoimmune Rheumatologic Disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| Placebo boosterBavarian Nordic · Chikungunya · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-022029-01–2031-09 | 2030-092029-05–2032-12 | 2030-032029-02–2032-01 | C · registry only |
| C.difficile vaccinePfizer · Clostridioides Difficile Associated Disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-102029-09–2032-05 | 2031-052030-01–2033-08 | 2030-112029-10–2032-09 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1647ModernaTX, Inc. · CMV · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1273 Variant-containing FormulationModernaTX, Inc. · COVID-19 · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| Moderna COVID-19 VaccineWell- Konnect Healthcare Services and Research Firm · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2032-072031-06–2034-02 | 2033-022031-10–2035-05 | 2032-082031-07–2034-06 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1273 (Moderna COVID-19 vaccine)Tor Biering-Sørensen · COVID-19 · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1273ModernaTX, Inc. · COVID-19 · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2029-042028-03–2030-11 | 2029-112028-07–2032-02 | 2029-052028-04–2031-03 | C · registry only |
| NVX-CoV2705Novavax · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-092027-08–2030-04 | 2029-042027-12–2031-07 | 2028-102027-09–2030-08 | C · registry only |
| Bivalent BNT162b2 (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) 3 microgram doseBioNTech SE · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Moderna Bivalent mRNA vaccineMonash University · COVID-19 · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| NovavaxMurdoch Childrens Research Institute · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| BNT162b2 VaccineBioNTech SE · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| BNT162b2 (2025/2026 formulation)BioNTech SE · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| TDVTakeda · Dengue · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2029-022028-01–2030-09 | 2029-092028-05–2031-12 | 2029-032028-02–2031-01 | C · registry only |
| V181Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Dengue · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2033-082032-07–2035-03 | 2034-032032-11–2036-06 | 2033-092032-08–2035-07 | C · registry only |
| Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine (TDV)Takeda · Dengue · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Diphtheria，Tetanus and Acellular Pertussis Combined Vaccine，DTaPCanSino Biologics Inc. · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23)CanSino Biologics Inc. · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| dTpaGlaxoSmithKline · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| dTpa vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Adacel® vaccineMahidol University · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Vaccine administrationWomen and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island · Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| MCV4CanSino Biologics Inc. · Epidemic Meningitis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Enterovirus Type 71 Vaccine (Vero Cell), InactivatedSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease（HFMD) · Inactivated | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Healive (hepatitis A vacine(human diploid cell), inactivated)Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Hepatitis A · Inactivated | Phase 3 | 2030-012028-12–2031-08 | 2030-082029-04–2032-11 | 2030-022029-01–2031-12 | C · registry only |
| Heplisav-B Injectable Product, 2-dose regimenMercy Medical Center · Hepatitis B · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-102029-09–2032-05 | 2031-052030-01–2033-08 | 2030-112029-10–2032-09 | C · registry only |
| Prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine Merck (Gardasil®)Partha Basu · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| BNT113BioNTech SE · HPV · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2031-022030-01–2032-09 | 2031-092030-05–2033-12 | 2031-032030-02–2033-01 | C · registry only |
| 2 doses of vaccine Quadrivalent Recombinant Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (Hansenulapolymorpha)National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China · HPV · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2034-052033-04–2035-12 | 2034-122033-08–2037-03 | 2034-062033-05–2036-04 | C · registry only |
| Cervavac as two dose regimenSerum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| Gardasil-9Emory University · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| HPV vaccineUniversity of Washington · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| Recombinant Human Papillomavirus Bivalent VaccineNational Cancer Institute (NCI) · HPV · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| HPV nonavalent vaccine (Gardasil-9)Canadian Immunization Research Network · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| human papillomavirus vaccine, recombinantLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center in New Orleans · HPV · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Nonavalent HPV vaccine (9vHPV/Gardasil-9™).Miquel Angel Pavon Ribas · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| 9-valent HPV vaccine (Cecolin 9)Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd · HPV · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2028-122027-11–2030-07 | 2029-072028-03–2031-10 | 2029-012027-12–2030-11 | C · registry only |
| Nonavalent HPV vaccineUniversity of British Columbia · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| 9-valent HPV vaccine, 3 doses standard timingThe University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Gardasil9Miriam Elfström · HPV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Vaxigrip Tetra Sanofi Pasteur EuropeAarhus University Hospital · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| H5N1 vaccine (Arepanrix, GSK)University Health Network, Toronto · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1018-H5ModernaTX, Inc. · Influenza · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-112027-10–2030-06 | 2029-062028-02–2031-09 | 2028-122027-11–2030-10 | C · registry only |
| Vaxigrip QIVSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Influenza · Inactivated | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Influenza vaccinationWroclaw Medical University · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| LAIV nasal vaccine is chosen as a model viral infectionUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-102029-09–2032-05 | 2031-052030-01–2033-08 | 2030-112029-10–2032-09 | C · registry only |
| FluMistWashington University School of Medicine · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Seasonal influenza vaccineUniversity of Pennsylvania · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2029-022028-01–2030-09 | 2029-092028-05–2031-12 | 2029-032028-02–2031-01 | C · registry only |
| VAX-31 (adult)Vaxcyte · Invasive pneumococcal disease (31-valent conjugate) · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | B · company-dated |
| VLA15Valneva / Pfizer · Lyme disease · Protein subunit (OspA) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | B · company-dated |
| Varicella VaccineSinovac (Dalian) Vaccine Technology Co., Ltd. · Measles / Mumps / Rubella · Live attenuated | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| MMRVGlaxoSmithKline · Measles / Mumps / Rubella · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2029-122028-11–2031-07 | 2030-072029-03–2032-10 | 2030-012028-12–2031-11 | C · registry only |
| BCG vaccineBandim Health Project · Measles / Mumps / Rubella · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine (MMR)Laure Pittet, MD-PhD · Measles / Mumps / Rubella · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| rMenB+OMV NZGlaxoSmithKline · Meningococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| experimental vaccineSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Meningococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-092027-08–2030-04 | 2029-042027-12–2031-07 | 2028-102027-09–2030-08 | C · registry only |
| batch 2 of MCV4CanSino Biologics Inc. · Meningococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| MenAC conjugate vaccineSanofi · Meningococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Meningococcal Polysaccharide (Serogroups A, C, W, and Y) Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate VaccineSanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company · Meningococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Serogroup B meningococal vaccineUniversity Ghent · Meningococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| TrumenbaEmory University · Meningococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1403ModernaTX, Inc. · Norovirus · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| 9vHPV vaccineMerck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Papillomavirus Infections · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2029-062028-05–2031-01 | 2030-012028-09–2032-04 | 2029-072028-06–2031-05 | C · registry only |
| RotarixSanofi · Pneumococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2029-042028-03–2030-11 | 2029-112028-07–2032-02 | 2029-052028-04–2031-03 | C · registry only |
| PG4Pfizer · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2029-032028-02–2030-10 | 2029-102028-06–2032-01 | 2029-042028-03–2031-02 | C · registry only |
| PCV20Vaxcyte, Inc. · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-112027-10–2030-06 | 2029-062028-02–2031-09 | 2028-122027-11–2030-10 | C · registry only |
| Prevnar®Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd. · Pneumococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| PCV13iCanSino Biologics Inc. · Pneumococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-122027-11–2030-07 | 2029-072028-03–2031-10 | 2029-012027-12–2030-11 | C · registry only |
| PCV21Sanofi · Pneumococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2028-112027-10–2030-06 | 2029-062028-02–2031-09 | 2028-122027-11–2030-10 | C · registry only |
| Pfizer PCV13Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd. · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| RotaTeqSanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company · Pneumococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 3 | 2029-032028-02–2030-10 | 2029-102028-06–2032-01 | 2029-042028-03–2031-02 | C · registry only |
| PREVENAR20Poitiers University Hospital · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-042029-03–2031-11 | 2030-112029-07–2033-02 | 2030-052029-04–2032-03 | C · registry only |
| Early interventionCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-082029-07–2032-03 | 2031-032029-11–2033-06 | 2030-092029-08–2032-07 | C · registry only |
| PCV15University of Oxford · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| sIPVSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Polio · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| 3wIPVSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Polio · Inactivated | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Verorab®Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Rabies · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Sinovac rabies vaccineSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Rabies · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| OfatumumabNovartis Pharmaceuticals · Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2030-072029-06–2032-02 | 2031-022029-10–2033-05 | 2030-082029-07–2032-06 | C · registry only |
| ROTAVAC 5DBharat Biotech International Limited · Rotavirus · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| RSV vaccination (Arexvy, GlaxoSmithKline)Chinese University of Hong Kong · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2032-042031-03–2033-11 | 2032-112031-07–2035-02 | 2032-052031-04–2034-03 | C · registry only |
| Moderna RSV vaccineEmory University · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| RSVpreFPfizer · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| PlaceboGlaxoSmithKline · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| RSVPreF3 OA investigational vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| RSV VaccineCanadian Immunization Research Network · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Influenza + COVID combination candidates (Pfizer/BioNTech family)Pfizer / BioNTech · Seasonal influenza + COVID-19 (combination) · mRNA | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| COVID-Influenza Combination (CIC) — NovavaxNovavax · Seasonal influenza + COVID-19 (combination) · Protein nanoparticle + Matrix-M | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | B · company-dated |
| Durvalumab (MEDI4736)AstraZeneca · Tuberculosis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| BCGMerck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Tuberculosis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Recombinant zoster vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · Varicella / Zoster · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2032-022031-01–2033-09 | 2032-092031-05–2034-12 | 2032-032031-02–2034-01 | C · registry only |
| Live Attenuated Varicella VaccineSinovac (Dalian) Vaccine Technology Co., Ltd. · Varicella / Zoster · Live attenuated | Phase 3 | 2030-102029-09–2032-05 | 2031-052030-01–2033-08 | 2030-112029-10–2032-09 | C · registry only |
| Placebo (Freeze Dired Dilution)Sinovac (Dalian) Vaccine Technology Co., Ltd. · Varicella / Zoster · Live attenuated | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Marketed varicella vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · Varicella / Zoster · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-092027-08–2030-04 | 2029-042027-12–2031-07 | 2028-102027-09–2030-08 | C · registry only |
| Marketed varicella vaccine_Lot 1GlaxoSmithKline · Varicella / Zoster · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-102027-09–2030-05 | 2029-052028-01–2031-08 | 2028-112027-10–2030-09 | C · registry only |
| PROVARIXSinovac (Dalian) Vaccine Technology Co., Ltd. · Varicella / Zoster · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| HZ/su vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · Varicella / Zoster · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2029-062028-05–2031-01 | 2030-012028-09–2032-04 | 2029-072028-06–2031-05 | C · registry only |
| Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine (Shingrix)Tor Biering-Sørensen · Varicella / Zoster · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2031-022030-01–2032-09 | 2031-092030-05–2033-12 | 2031-032030-02–2033-01 | C · registry only |
| Recombinant Zoster Vaccine (RZV)University of Sao Paulo General Hospital · Varicella / Zoster · Protein / subunit | Phase 3 | 2029-052028-04–2030-12 | 2029-122028-08–2032-03 | 2029-062028-05–2031-04 | C · registry only |
| Yellow fever vaccine (live)Sanofi · Yellow fever · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Yellow Fever vaccination (17 DD Biomanguinhos)Oswaldo Cruz Foundation · Yellow fever · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 3 | 2028-082027-07–2030-03 | 2029-032027-11–2031-06 | 2028-092027-08–2030-07 | C · registry only |
| Acne mRNA vaccineSanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company · Acne · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2032-122030-08–2037-01 | 2033-072030-12–2038-04 | 2033-012030-09–2037-05 | C · registry only |
| Chlamydia mRNA VaccineSanofi · Chlamydia Trachomatis Immunization · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2032-022029-10–2036-03 | 2032-092030-02–2037-06 | 2032-032029-11–2036-07 | C · registry only |
| C. difficile vaccine formulation 1.Pfizer · Clostridoides Difficile Associated Disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2035-072033-03–2039-08 | 2036-022033-07–2040-11 | 2035-082033-04–2039-12 | C · registry only |
| MenveoGlaxoSmithKline · Diarrhoea · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2032-112030-07–2036-12 | 2033-062030-11–2038-03 | 2032-122030-08–2037-04 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1189ModernaTX, Inc. · EBV · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| MVA-BN-WEVBavarian Nordic · Encephalitis · Protein / subunit | Phase 2 | 2031-032028-11–2035-04 | 2031-102029-03–2036-07 | 2031-042028-12–2035-08 | C · registry only |
| V540A-2Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Healthy · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2032-052030-01–2036-06 | 2032-122030-05–2037-09 | 2032-062030-02–2036-10 | C · registry only |
| YF17D (Stamaril, Sanofi-Pasteur)Singapore General Hospital · Immune System Responses and Trained Immunity After AS01 Administration · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2033-032030-11–2037-04 | 2033-102031-03–2038-07 | 2033-042030-12–2037-08 | C · registry only |
| zigakibartNovartis Pharmaceuticals · Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgAN) · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2034-082032-04–2038-09 | 2035-032032-08–2039-12 | 2034-092032-05–2039-01 | C · registry only |
| TIV1 or TIV2Pfizer · Influenza · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2031-072029-03–2035-08 | 2032-022029-07–2036-11 | 2031-082029-04–2035-12 | C · registry only |
| Pandemic flu H5 HA mRNA SD2 vaccineSanofi · Influenza · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2031-012028-09–2035-02 | 2031-082029-01–2036-05 | 2031-022028-10–2035-06 | C · registry only |
| AZD4117AstraZeneca · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| Flu mRNA(Formulation A)GlaxoSmithKline · Influenza · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1982ModernaTX, Inc. · Lyme disease · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2032-122030-08–2037-01 | 2033-072030-12–2038-04 | 2033-012030-09–2037-05 | C · registry only |
| RTS,S/AS01E vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · Malaria · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2031-052029-01–2035-06 | 2031-122029-05–2036-09 | 2031-062029-02–2035-10 | C · registry only |
| RABIVAX-SSerum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. · Malaria · Protein / subunit | Phase 2 | 2031-122029-08–2036-01 | 2032-072029-12–2037-04 | 2032-012029-09–2036-05 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-4157ModernaTX, Inc. · Melanoma · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2036-122034-08–2041-01 | 2037-072034-12–2042-04 | 2037-012034-09–2041-05 | C · registry only |
| MenACYW conjugate vaccineSanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company · Meningococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 2 | 2031-062029-02–2035-07 | 2032-012029-06–2036-10 | 2031-072029-03–2035-11 | C · registry only |
| BNT166aBioNTech SE · Mpox · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2031-072029-03–2035-08 | 2032-022029-07–2036-11 | 2031-082029-04–2035-12 | C · registry only |
| JynneosBavarian Nordic · Mpox · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-122028-08–2035-01 | 2031-072028-12–2036-04 | 2031-012028-09–2035-05 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1195ModernaTX, Inc. · Multiple Sclerosis · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2033-022030-10–2037-03 | 2033-092031-02–2038-06 | 2033-032030-11–2037-07 | C · registry only |
| PCV24 vaccine (dose H)CanSino Biologics Inc. · Pneumococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 2 | 2030-122028-08–2035-01 | 2031-072028-12–2036-04 | 2031-012028-09–2035-05 | C · registry only |
| 0.5 mL of the low dose VAX-31Vaxcyte, Inc. · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2032-012029-09–2036-02 | 2032-082030-01–2037-05 | 2032-022029-10–2036-06 | C · registry only |
| VLP-Polio medium doseCanSino Biologics Inc. · Polio · Virus-like particle | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| rF1V-1018Dynavax Technologies Corporation · Prevention of Pneumonic Plague Resulting From Aerosol Exposure to Yersinia Pestis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2031-022028-10–2035-03 | 2031-092029-02–2036-06 | 2031-032028-11–2035-07 | C · registry only |
| Oral hexavalent reassortant rotavirus attenuated live vaccineSinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd. · Rotavirus · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| hMPV_Y low dose vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2033-052031-01–2037-06 | 2033-122031-05–2038-09 | 2033-062031-02–2037-10 | C · registry only |
| Adjuvanted RSVPreF3 vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2031-022028-10–2035-03 | 2031-092029-02–2036-06 | 2031-032028-11–2035-07 | C · registry only |
| Licensed RSV VaccineSanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company · RSV · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2031-022028-10–2035-03 | 2031-092029-02–2036-06 | 2031-032028-11–2035-07 | C · registry only |
| Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccineUniversity of Florida · Stage 4 NSCLC · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2039-042036-12–2043-05 | 2039-112037-04–2044-08 | 2039-052037-01–2043-09 | C · registry only |
| MTBVACBharat Biotech International Limited · Tuberculosis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| BNT164a1BioNTech SE · Tuberculosis · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| TYPHIBEVGlaxoSmithKline · Typhoid · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2032-052030-01–2036-06 | 2032-122030-05–2037-09 | 2032-062030-02–2036-10 | C · registry only |
| MenACWYGlaxoSmithKline · Typhoid · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| RSV vaccine (Pfizer Abrysvo)Central Adelaide Local Health Network Incorporated · Vaccine Immune Response · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| PED-HZ/suGlaxoSmithKline · Varicella / Zoster · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| Active-controlled vaccine ASinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · Varicella / Zoster · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| Z-1018Dynavax Technologies Corporation · Varicella / Zoster · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2031-122029-08–2036-01 | 2032-072029-12–2037-04 | 2032-012029-09–2036-05 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1468ModernaTX, Inc. · Varicella / Zoster · mRNA | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| Yellow fever vaccineSanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company · Yellow fever · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 2 | 2030-112028-07–2034-12 | 2031-062028-11–2036-03 | 2030-122028-08–2035-04 | C · registry only |
| Licensed Seasonal Influenza VaccineGlaxoSmithKline · COVID-19 · mRNA | Phase 1 | 2034-022030-01–2040-06 | 2034-092030-05–2041-09 | 2034-032030-02–2040-10 | C · registry only |
| COVID-19 Therapeutic Biologic Mix - NOVAVAX COVID-19 VACCINE plus BCG Vaccine Mix for percutaneous useHan Xu, M.D., Ph.D., FAPCR, Sponsor-Investigator, IRB Chair · COVID-19 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-012029-12–2040-05 | 2034-082030-04–2041-08 | 2034-022030-01–2040-09 | C · registry only |
| mRNA-1195.1ModernaTX, Inc. · EBV · mRNA | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| BNT163BioNTech SE · Genital Herpes Simplex Type 2 · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| VAX-A1 LowVaxcyte, Inc. · Group A Streptococcal Infection · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2035-022031-01–2041-06 | 2035-092031-05–2042-09 | 2035-032031-02–2041-10 | C · registry only |
| V350AMerck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Healthy · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2035-092031-08–2042-01 | 2036-042031-12–2043-04 | 2035-102031-09–2042-05 | C · registry only |
| V118EMerck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Healthy · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2035-012030-12–2041-05 | 2035-082031-04–2042-08 | 2035-022031-01–2041-09 | C · registry only |
| V540DMerck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Healthy · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-012029-12–2040-05 | 2034-082030-04–2041-08 | 2034-022030-01–2040-09 | C · registry only |
| V540BMerck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Healthy · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-012029-12–2040-05 | 2034-082030-04–2041-08 | 2034-022030-01–2040-09 | C · registry only |
| Fluzone HD influenza vaccineCidara Therapeutics Inc., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, New Jersey USA) · Healthy Participants · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-022030-01–2040-06 | 2034-092030-05–2041-09 | 2034-032030-02–2040-10 | C · registry only |
| H5 Flu IMP 2Sanofi · Influenza · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-062030-05–2040-10 | 2035-012030-09–2042-01 | 2034-072030-06–2041-02 | C · registry only |
| DTcP-Hib-MCV4CanSino Biologics Inc. · Influenza · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 1 | 2036-042032-03–2042-08 | 2036-112032-07–2043-11 | 2036-052032-04–2042-12 | C · registry only |
| Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Conjugate VaccineCanSino Biologics Inc. · Influenza · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| DurvalumabAstraZeneca · Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-082030-07–2040-12 | 2035-032030-11–2042-03 | 2034-092030-08–2041-04 | C · registry only |
| low-dose Group ACYW135X Meningococcal Conjugate VaccineSinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd. · Meningococcal disease · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| BNT116BioNTech SE · Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2037-042033-03–2043-08 | 2037-112033-07–2044-11 | 2037-052033-04–2043-12 | C · registry only |
| Pn-MAPS30plusGlaxoSmithKline · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-022030-01–2040-06 | 2034-092030-05–2041-09 | 2034-032030-02–2040-10 | C · registry only |
| V118C (Stage 1)Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2035-122031-11–2042-04 | 2036-072032-03–2043-07 | 2036-012031-12–2042-08 | C · registry only |
| PG4 in Buffer 1 with low dose PA-002Pfizer · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-122030-11–2041-04 | 2035-072031-03–2042-07 | 2035-012030-12–2041-08 | C · registry only |
| 20vPnCPfizer · Pneumococcal disease · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-072030-06–2040-11 | 2035-022030-10–2042-02 | 2034-082030-07–2041-03 | C · registry only |
| Recombinant Poliomyelitis Vaccine (rPV)Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. · Polio · Protein / subunit | Phase 1 | 2034-012029-12–2040-05 | 2034-082030-04–2041-08 | 2034-022030-01–2040-09 | C · registry only |
| Low-dose RSV mRNA vaccineSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd · RSV · mRNA | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| bivalent (RSV/hMPV) unlicensed comparatorSanofi · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| VXB-241 240 mcgSanofi · RSV · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| Investigational RSV vaccine 1GlaxoSmithKline · RSV · mRNA | Phase 1 | 2033-122029-11–2040-04 | 2034-072030-03–2041-07 | 2034-012029-12–2040-08 | C · registry only |
| Typhoid Vi conjugate vaccineGlaxoSmithKline · Salmonella Infections · Conjugate vaccine | Phase 1 | 2035-012030-12–2041-05 | 2035-082031-04–2042-08 | 2035-022031-01–2041-09 | C · registry only |
| CLDN6 CAR-TBioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH · Solid Tumor · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2035-102031-09–2042-02 | 2036-052032-01–2043-05 | 2035-112031-10–2042-06 | C · registry only |
| Low dose Strep A AlumGlaxoSmithKline · Streptococcal Infections · Biological (unspecified platform) | Phase 1 | 2034-012029-12–2040-05 | 2034-082030-04–2041-08 | 2034-022030-01–2040-09 | C · registry only |
Discontinued and withdrawn programmes (104) are kept on the dashboard and on their own pages with the stage at which they stopped; they are not projected. Download: adoption_outlook.json · adoption_model.json.
The ladder
| Stage | Group | Progress | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preclinical | clinical | 5% | Laboratory and animal studies; no human dosing yet. |
| Phase 1 | clinical | 15% | First human studies: safety and dose, usually tens of volunteers. |
| Phase 1/2 | clinical | 25% | Combined safety and immune-response study. |
| Phase 2 | clinical | 35% | Immune response and safety in hundreds; dose and schedule chosen. |
| Phase 2/3 | clinical | 45% | Seamless design that continues into efficacy testing. |
| Phase 3 | clinical | 60% | Efficacy or immunobridging in thousands; the licensing dataset. |
| Submitted to a regulator | regulatory | 75% | Biologics licence or marketing application filed in at least one jurisdiction. |
| Under regulatory review | regulatory | 80% | Application accepted and being assessed. |
| Approved / authorised | regulatory | 90% | Licence or authorisation granted in at least one jurisdiction. |
| Recommended for routine use | adoption | 100% | A national advisory body (ACIP, JCVI, STIKO, NACI, ATAGI...) has issued a use recommendation. |
| Discontinued / withdrawn / suspended | terminal | — | Kept visible with the stage at which the programme stopped. A licence can also be restricted or suspended after approval; that is recorded as a status, not hidden. |
Progress percentages are fixed positions chosen so that the clinical half of the ladder and the regulatory-plus-adoption half each span roughly half the bar; they are not probabilities and do not shrink for programmes that are struggling.
Model parameters and sources
| Step | Fast (mo) | Typical (mo) | Slow (mo) | Basis and source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 trial length | 12.0 | 23.0 | 42.2 | Registry-derived: 506 vaccine trials with start and primary-completion dates (first quartile, median, third quartile). |
| Phase 1/2 trial length | 13.0 | 24 | 42.5 | Registry-derived: 237 vaccine trials with start and primary-completion dates (first quartile, median, third quartile). |
| Phase 2 trial length | 13.0 | 28 | 46.0 | Registry-derived: 397 vaccine trials with start and primary-completion dates (first quartile, median, third quartile). |
| Phase 2/3 trial length | 9.0 | 21.5 | 29.8 | Registry-derived: 38 vaccine trials with start and primary-completion dates (first quartile, median, third quartile). |
| Phase 3 trial length | 9.0 | 18 | 39.0 | Registry-derived: 251 vaccine trials with start and primary-completion dates (first quartile, median, third quartile). |
| Gap between phases, and Phase 3 to submission | 3 | 9 | 18 | Stated assumption, not sourced. |
| United States: regulator review (FDA (CBER)) | 6 | 10 | 15 | performance goal: FDA, Priority Review. “A Priority Review designation means FDA's goal is to take action on an application within 6 months (compared to 10 months under standard review).” Slow band = 1.5 × the standard target to allow clock stops and resubmission (assumption). |
| United States: recommendation (ACIP (CDC)) | 0 | 3 | 8 | CDC, ACIP meeting information. “The ACIP holds three regular meetings each year to review scientific data and vote on vaccine recommendations.” Three meetings a year implies a typical wait of up to four months for the next regular meeting; 2026 regular meetings were listed as cancelled because of litigation, so the slow band is wider. |
| European Union: regulator review (EMA (CHMP) and European Commission) | 7 | 12 | 18 | procedural maximum plus EMA's own statement of the usual total: EMA, the evaluation of medicines step by step. “The assessment of a marketing authorisation application for a new medicine takes up to 210 'active' days. ... Overall, the assessment of a new medicine usually lasts around a year. ... The assessment time may be reduced to 150 days instead of 210 days, if the medicine developer is granted accelerated assessment.” Slow band = 1.5 × the standard target to allow clock stops and resubmission (assumption). |
| European Union: Commission decision after CHMP opinion | 2 | 2 | 2 | procedural maximum: EMA, obtaining an EU marketing authorisation step by step. “European Commission decision on the marketing authorisation ... When: Within 67 days of receipt of CHMP opinion” |
| European Union: recommendation (national bodies (STIKO, HAS, Folkhälsomyndigheten and others)) | 1 | 6 | 18 | EU recommendations are national; timing varies by country and is not sourced here. Band is a stated assumption. |
| Canada: regulator review (Health Canada) | 6 | 10 | 15 | performance standard (300 calendar days standard, 180 priority; shown here as months): Health Canada, performance standards for drug submissions (Table 1: NAS review 300 days; priority 180 days). “The performance standard is the period from the date of acceptance to date of first decision not including any review clock pauses.” Slow band = 1.5 × the standard target to allow clock stops and resubmission (assumption). |
| Canada: recommendation (NACI) | 1 | 4 | 12 | NACI publishes statements after Health Canada authorisation; cadence not sourced here. |
| United Kingdom: MHRA · JCVI | no window | The MHRA 150-day national assessment and International Recognition Procedure pages could not be fetched on 2026-10-24; no target is used. Recommender cadence: GOV.UK, Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation “JCVI holds 3 committee meetings a year, usually on the first Wednesday of February, June and October.” | ||
| Australia: TGA · ATAGI | no window | TGA registration-timeframe pages timed out on 2026-10-24; no target is used. | ||
| Japan: PMDA / MHLW · MHLW immunisation subcommittee | no window | PMDA English pages reached on 2026-10-24 state that target review times exist but give no figure. | ||
| WHO prequalification: WHO Prequalification · SAGE | no window | WHO prequalification procedure pages returned 404/500 on 2026-10-24; no target is used. | ||
Whole-pipeline benchmark. Pronker ES et al. 2013, PLoS One, Risk in vaccine research and development quantified (PMID 23526951): “The average vaccine, taken from the preclinical phase, requires a development timeline of 10.71 years and has a market entry probability of 6%.” Projects in development 1998-2009. Used as the whole-pipeline benchmark against which the stage-by-stage bands below are sanity-checked; not used in the arithmetic.
Anchor and arithmetic. The anchor is the earliest dated readout in the record (company or registry), or today if there is none. Remaining phases are added using the registry trial lengths plus one gap per transition, then the review target, then the Commission lag where it applies, then the recommender wait. A candidate already filed starts from its filing date; one already approved starts from its approval date. Where a target date has passed with no decision in the record, the decision is treated as still pending and placed one, three or nine months out.
Input grade. A: Regulator-confirmed status date in at least one jurisdiction and record verified within 12 months. B: Company-estimated dates (filings, readouts) and record verified within 12 months. C: Stage known from the trial registry only; no jurisdiction-specific filing or decision date. D: Record not verified within 12 months, or status conflicts between sources. none: Discontinued or withdrawn: tracked, not projected.