At a glance
| Abbreviation | SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, SARSr-CoV |
|---|---|
| ICTV species | Betacoronavirus pandemicum |
| Family | Coronaviridae |
| Baltimore class | IV — (+)ssRNA |
| Human infection | Human infection recorded; pattern not classified |
Also called: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Betacoronavirus pandemicum
Riboviria › Pisuviricota › Pisoniviricetes › Nidovirales › Coronaviridae › Betacoronavirus
What it is
Taxonomy copied from ICTV MSL41.v1 / VMR_MSL41.v1.20260729.xlsx. These ranks are not hand-edited; a correction means re-running the fetch against a newer release.
| Realm | Riboviria |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum | Pisuviricota |
| Class | Pisoniviricetes |
| Order | Nidovirales |
| Family | Coronaviridae |
| Subfamily | Orthocoronavirinae |
| Genus | Betacoronavirus |
| ICTV identifier | ICTV20040588 |
| NCBI taxon | 3418604 |
| Exemplar isolate | AY274119 |
Host evidence
- human: 9,182,913 GenBank records
- cat: 43 GenBank records (flagged for review)
- dog: 20 GenBank records (flagged for review)
- goat: 11 GenBank records (flagged for review)
- sheep: 6 GenBank records (flagged for review)
- cattle: 3 GenBank records (flagged for review)
- pig: 2 GenBank records (flagged for review)
Counts of nucleotide records annotated with that host. Evidence of provenance, not a statement of host range.
Where it occurs
Not searched yet. No country-level occurrence data has been curated for this virus. The WHO reported-case data on this site covers a limited set of diseases; a virus outside it gets no map rather than an empty one.
What it does
13
disease-burden figures
11
post-infectious sequelae figures
37
effectiveness estimates
2
vaccine adverse-event figures
8
randomised trial
8
pooled or expert review
21
controlled observational
Case-fatality Delta epidemic period, studies published 2020 to March 2023
2.01 CFR (%)
all ages, multiple continents per case
quote
RESULTS: There were variations in the CFRs among different variants of COVID-19 (Alpha: 2.62%, Beta: 4.19%, Gamma: 3.60%, Delta: 2.01%, Omicron: 0.70%), and disparities in CFRs also existed among continents.
Xia Q 2024 Int J Infect Dis
Infection-fatality serology collected by February 2021, pre-vaccine era
0.5 IFR (%)
all ages (population IFR), developing countries (LMIC) per infection
quote
The median value of the population IFR was about 0.5%, similar to that of high-income countries, because disparities in healthcare access were roughly offset by differences in population age structure.
Levin AT 2022 BMJ Glob Health
Lowest and highest vaccine effectiveness reported: -124% (Schrag SJ 2022 JAMA Netw Open; COVID-19-associated emergency department or urgent care encounter in pregnancy, pregnant people, median 28 years) to 98.2% (El Sahly HM 2021 N Engl J Med; Severe Covid-19 per trial definition, adults at high risk for Covid-19 or its complications). Two of 33 estimates, each from its own study; not a summary figure.
- Randomised trial
- Pooled or expert review
- Controlled observational
What can follow the illness
Post-COVID-19 condition (any persistent symptom at 28 or more days)
0.43 pooled prevalence (proportion)
all ages as included in the primary studies, multiple (global)
quote
Global estimated pooled prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition was 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], .39-.46).
Chen C 2022 J Infect Dis
Long COVID in children and adolescents (NICE definition)
25.24 pooled prevalence (%)
0 to 18 years, multiple
quote
The prevalence of long-COVID was 25.24%, and the most prevalent clinical manifestations were mood symptoms (16.50%), fatigue (9.66%), and sleep disorders (8.42%).
Lopez-Leon S 2022 Sci Rep
New-onset diabetes after COVID-19
1.66 risk ratio vs non-COVID controls
median 43 years (IQR 35-49), multiple; vs non-COVID-19 controls as defined in the included studies
quote
COVID-19 was associated with a 66% higher risk of incident diabetes (risk ratio, 1.66; 95% CI 1.38; 2.00).
Ssentongo P 2022 Sci Rep
When problems appear: after the infection, and after the vaccine
Two separate clocks on the same logarithmic scale. The first starts at the infection and shows when its sequelae are described as beginning; the second starts at the dose and shows when the vaccine's adverse events are described as beginning. Each bar is one source's printed window, not a synthesis; hover for the source.
- Clinical description: when it is observed to begin
- Case definition: a time criterion built into the diagnosis
- Study risk window: when events were counted, not typical onset
- Clinical description: when it is observed to begin
- Product label observation window
- Study risk window: when events were counted, not typical onset
Disease risk and vaccine efficacy: every estimate with its population, design and the sentence it came from.
Vaccines
| Name | Developer | Platform | Use | Stage | Jurisdictions | Trials | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMIRNATY | Pfizer-BioNTech | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Approved | US: approved | — | candidateId fda-comirnaty (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stage copied, no |
| COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted | See FDA listing | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Approved | US: approved | — | candidateId fda-covid-19-vaccine-adjuvanted (targetDisease 'COVID-19') |
| COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA | See FDA listing | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Approved | US: approved | — | candidateId fda-covid-19-vaccine-mrna (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stag |
| MNEXSPIKE | Moderna TX, Inc. 325 Binney Street Cambridge, MA 02142 Lic. # 2256 | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Approved | US: approved | — | candidateId fda-mnexspike (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stage copied, no |
| NUVAXOVID | Novavax Inc. 700 Quince Orchard Road Gaithersburg, MD 20878 Lic. # 2349 | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Approved | US: approved | — | candidateId fda-nuvaxovid (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stage copied, no |
| SPIKEVAX | ModernaTX, Inc. | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Approved | US: approved | — | candidateId fda-spikevax (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stage copied, not |
In development
| Name | Developer | Platform | Use | Stage | Jurisdictions | Trials | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA-1083 (Moderna Combined Influenza + COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine) | Moderna | mrna | Routine immunisation | Filed with a regulator | US: under review EU: under review (company estimate) Canada: not submitted (company estimate) Australia: not submitted (company estimate) | — | candidateId mrna-1083 (targetDisease 'Seasonal influenza + COVID-19 (c |
| BNT162b2 | BioNTech SE | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT07798648 | candidateId ctgov-bnt162b2-biontech-se (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); sta |
| BNT162b2 (2025/2026 formulation) | BioNTech SE | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT07222384 | candidateId ctgov-bnt162b2-2025-2026-formulation-biontech-se (targetDi |
| BNT162b2 Vaccine | BioNTech SE | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT07730450 | candidateId ctgov-bnt162b2-vaccine-biontech-se (targetDisease 'COVID-1 |
| COVID-Influenza Combination (CIC) — Novavax | Novavax | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | — | candidateId novavax-flu-covid (targetDisease 'Seasonal influenza + COV |
| Influenza + COVID combination candidates (Pfizer/BioNTech family) | Pfizer / BioNTech | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | — | candidateId pfizer-dual-flu-covid (targetDisease 'Seasonal influenza + |
| Moderna Bivalent mRNA vaccine | Monash University | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT05556720 | candidateId ctgov-pfizer-bivalent-covid-19-vaccine-monash-university ( |
| Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine | Well- Konnect Healthcare Services and Research Firm | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT06441955 | candidateId ctgov-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-well-konnect-healthcare-ser |
| mRNA-1273 | ModernaTX, Inc. | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT07266558 NCT07863635 | candidateId ctgov-mrna-1273-modernatx-inc (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); |
| mRNA-1273 (Moderna COVID-19 vaccine) | Tor Biering-Sørensen | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT07279766 | candidateId ctgov-mrna-1273-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-tor-biering-s-ren |
| mRNA-1273 Variant-containing Formulation | ModernaTX, Inc. | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT06585241 | candidateId ctgov-mrna-1273-variant-containing-formulation-modernatx-i |
| Omicron Subvariant-Based SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Vaccine Adjuvanted With Matrix-M | Sanofi | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 3 | Not searched yet | NCT07861542 | candidateId ctgov-omicron-subvariant-based-sars-cov-2-recombinant-spik |
| mRNA-1283 | ModernaTX, Inc. | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 2 | Not searched yet | NCT07808697 | candidateId ctgov-mrna-1283-modernatx-inc (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); |
| COVID-19 Therapeutic Biologic Mix - NOVAVAX COVID-19 VACCINE plus BCG Vaccine Mix for percutaneous use | Han Xu, M.D., Ph.D., FAPCR, Sponsor-Investigator, IRB Chair | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Phase 1 | Not searched yet | NCT03305341 | candidateId ctgov-covid-19-therapeutic-biologic-mix-novavax-covid-19-v |
| Licensed Seasonal Influenza Vaccine | GlaxoSmithKline | mrna | Routine immunisation | Phase 1 | Not searched yet | NCT07464314 | candidateId ctgov-investigational-mrna-seasonal-flu-covid-19-combinati |
| AstraZeneca Standard dose | Murdoch Childrens Research Institute | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05387317 | candidateId ctgov-pfizer-biontech-standard-dose-murdoch-childrens-rese |
| AZD1222 | AstraZeneca | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05057897 NCT04540393 | candidateId ctgov-azd1222-astrazeneca (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stag |
| Bivalent BNT162b2 (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) 3 microgram dose | BioNTech SE | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05630352 | candidateId ctgov-bivalent-bnt162b2-original-omicron-ba-4-ba-5-3-micro |
| COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated (High-dose) | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd. | inactivated whole | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05254236 | candidateId ctgov-covid-19-vaccine-vero-cell-inactivated-medium-dose-s |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen (Ad26.COV2-S) | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05037266 | candidateId ctgov-covid-19-vaccine-janssen-ad26-cov2-s-centre-hospital |
| CVnCoV Vaccine | CureVac | mrna | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT04838847 NCT04860258 | candidateId ctgov-cvncov-vaccine-curevac (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); s |
| Equine COVID-19 Antiserum | Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT04834908 | candidateId ctgov-equine-covid-19-antiserum-bharat-serums-and-vaccines |
| Experimental vaccine 1 | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd. | inactivated whole | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05165732 | candidateId ctgov-experimental-vaccine-1-sinovac-research-and-developm |
| High-dosage COVID-19 Vaccine,Inactivated | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd. | inactivated whole | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05156632 | candidateId ctgov-medium-dosage-covid-19-vaccine-inactivated-sinovac-r |
| High-dose COVID-19 Vaccine(Vero Cell),Inactivated | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd. | inactivated whole | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05150496 | candidateId ctgov-medium-dose-covid-19-vaccine-vero-cell-inactivated-s |
| Janssen vaccine | Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05048940 | candidateId ctgov-janssen-vaccine-instituto-de-investigaci-n-marqu-s-d |
| Moderna mRNA-1273 | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | mrna | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05000216 | candidateId ctgov-moderna-mrna-1273-national-institute-of-allergy-and- |
| MODERNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05022329 | candidateId ctgov-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-sunnybrook-health-s |
| mRNA COVID-19 vaccine | Novartis Pharmaceuticals | mrna | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT04878211 | candidateId ctgov-mrna-covid-19-vaccine-novartis-pharmaceuticals (targ |
| mRNA-1273.214 | ModernaTX, Inc. | mrna | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05584202 | candidateId ctgov-mrna-1273-214-modernatx-inc (targetDisease 'COVID-19 |
| mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine | CanSino Biologics Inc. | mrna | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05442684 | candidateId ctgov-bivalent-recombinant-covid-19-vaccine-adenovirus-typ |
| Novavax CIC (COVID-19-Influenza Combination; SARS-CoV-2 rS + tNIV, Matrix-M) | Novavax | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT06482359 | candidateId ctgov-coformulated-cic-vaccine-novavax (targetDisease 'COV |
| NVX-CoV2705 | Novavax | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT07086222 | candidateId ctgov-nvx-cov2705-novavax (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stag |
| Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) | CanSino Biologics Inc. | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05169008 | candidateId ctgov-recombinant-novel-coronavirus-vaccine-adenovirus-typ |
| Sanofi SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (first-in-human formulation) | Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company | mrna | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT04798027 | candidateId ctgov-sars-cov-2-mrna-vaccine-formulation-1-sanofi-pasteur |
| SII B.1.351 | Novavax | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05029856 | candidateId ctgov-sii-b-1-351-novavax (targetDisease 'COVID-19'); stag |
| tNIV 1 and Matrix-M Adjuvant | Novavax | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT06485752 | candidateId ctgov-tniv-1-and-matrix-m-adjuvant-novavax (targetDisease |
| V590 | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT04569786 | candidateId ctgov-v590-merck-sharp-dohme-llc (targetDisease 'COVID-19' |
| V591 | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT04498247 | candidateId ctgov-v591-merck-sharp-dohme-llc (targetDisease 'COVID-19' |
| VLA2001 | Valneva Austria GmbH | Not searched yet | Routine immunisation | Discontinued | Not searched yet | NCT05298644 | candidateId ctgov-vla2001-valneva-austria-gmbh (targetDisease 'COVID-1 |
Antivirals
Not searched yet. No US-approved antiviral for this virus was found in the openFDA drug label endpoint. Only US labels were searched, and only drugs the FDA classes as antivirals.
Antibodies and immune globulins
Not searched yet. No US-approved antiviral antibody for this virus was found in the openFDA drug label endpoint.
Approval status is not a treatment recommendation. Dosing and eligibility are on the label and in national guidelines. This page does not give medical advice and does not render dosing. A development stage is not a measure of how well something works.
Related on this site
- Disease risk and vaccine efficacy — burden figures and trial results, each quoted from its source
- Covid vaccine — ingredients, schedule and reported side effects
- Vaccine pipeline — candidates listed under “COVID-19”
- Other Coronaviridae viruses
- Veterinary vaccines for this virus — animals, kept separate on purpose