← All causality assessments
Causality: well established
Causality assessment · Causality: well established
Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Chronic Kidney Disease: is the FAERS signal real?
Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate side-effect profileAll assessmentsSee in the full list
A written Bradford Hill assessment of one drug–event pair. The grade is a judgement about the signal, not a statement that this drug causes this event in any one person; FAERS counts are reports, not rates.
Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ↔ Chronic Kidney Disease
n=10,383 co-reports · PRR 72.5 · ROR 93.7
Naltrexone is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist for opioid and alcohol dependence. Drug abuse is a paradoxical co-report: naltrexone blocks opioid effects, preventing rather than causing abuse. 1,969 co-reports (PRR 7.0) reflect the addiction treatment population, not causation.
Paradoxical artifact: naltrexone prevents opioid abuse.
| Bradford Hill viewpoint | Status | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Temporality (necessary) | not established | Paradoxical artifact |
| Strength | not established | Co-reports reflect addicted population |
| Consistency | not established | Drug blocks, not produces, abuse |
| Specificity | not established | Not specific |
| Biological gradient | not established | No gradient |
| Plausibility | not established | Mechanism is antagonism |
| Coherence | not established | Contradicts mechanism |
| Experiment | n/a | RCTs confirm efficacy |
| Analogy | met | Naltrexone blocks opioids |
This table is this page's own qualitative read of the literature cited above, not an automated or citation-gated assessment — see the note at the bottom of this page.
✗ No ClinicalTrials.gov results-posting trial in the top search hits for Emtricitabine captured chronic kidney disease as a tracked adverse event in a usable structure. Naltrexone RCTs measure abstinence; abuse as AE is an artifact of the reporting population.