Reaction

Toxic Encephalopathy reporting signals

Last recalculated 2026-09-14T18:28:35.993900+00:00 · 4,872 reports · 219 co-occurring drugs

As of the last recalculation, Toxic Encephalopathy appears in 4,872 FAERS reports alongside 219 co-occurring drug terms. The strongest observed disproportionality signal is METRONIDAZOLE TOPICAL (PRR 64.8).

Important: FAERS is a spontaneous, voluntary, unverified reporting system. PRR and ROR identify reporting patterns for investigation; they are not incidence rates and do not establish causation.

Drug	Co-reports	PRR	ROR
Metronidazole Topical	631	64.8	65.7
Metronidazole	657	50.6	51.2
Sevoflurane	67	34.9	35.2
Valacyclovir Hydrochloride	417	27.6	27.7
Cefepime Hydrochloride	100	27.1	27.2
Rocuronium Bromide	71	26.1	26.3
Cefepime	85	25.8	25.9
Norepinephrine Bitartrate	81	24.4	24.6
Ceftriaxone Sodium	188	21.7	21.8
Ceftriaxone	161	21.6	21.7
Ifosfamide	100	20.3	20.4
Valproic Acid	145	20.2	20.3
Midazolam Hydrochloride	118	19.2	19.2
Norepinephrine	47	19.0	19.0
Mesna Injection	35	18.2	18.3
Mesna	35	17.9	18.0
Midazolam	84	14.5	14.5
Valacyclovir	131	13.8	13.8
Lithium	78	13.4	13.5
Lithium Bromatum	78	13.4	13.5
Propofol	101	12.0	12.1
Methadone Hydrochloride	30	11.9	11.9
Meropenem	87	11.8	11.8
Aprepitant	50	11.7	11.7
Quetiapine Fumarate	77	11.3	11.3
Baclofen	215	11.1	11.1
Pitavastatin Calcium	26	10.9	10.9
Piperacillin And Tazobactam	30	10.1	10.1
Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine	31	9.7	9.7
Voriconazole	64	9.1	9.1
Voriconazole Injection	45	8.9	8.9
Phenytoin	43	8.9	8.9
Ganciclovir Sodium	21	8.5	8.5
Ganciclovir	20	8.4	8.4
Lithium Carbonate	33	8.4	8.4
Piperacillin Sodium,Tazobactam Sodium	51	8.3	8.3
Piperacillin Sodium And Tazobactam Sodium	37	8.1	8.1
Levetiracetam In Sodium Chloride	143	8.1	8.1
Levetiracetam Oral	143	8.1	8.1
Levetiracetam Injection	143	8.1	8.1
Acyclovir	204	7.9	7.9
Vancomycin	105	7.9	7.9
Valproate Sodium	38	7.9	7.9
Meperidine Hydrochloride	17	7.9	7.9
Vancomycin Hydrochloride	116	7.7	7.7
Ciprofolxacin	120	7.3	7.3
Ciprofloxacin Tablets	120	7.3	7.3
Amphetamine	14	7.2	7.3
Ampicillin	14	7.2	7.3
Ampicillin Sodium	14	7.2	7.3
Diazepam Oral Solution (Concentrate)	134	6.6	6.6
Diazepam Oral	134	6.6	6.6
Heparin Sodium	20	6.2	6.2
Tacrolimus	219	6.2	6.2
Levetiracetam	187	6.2	6.2
Ciprofloxacin	128	6.1	6.1
Isoniazid	23	6.1	6.1
Axicabtagene Ciloleucel	14	6.1	6.1
Amikacin	24	6.0	6.0
Memantine	19	6.0	6.0
Memantine Hydrochloride	19	6.0	6.0
Methadone	59	5.9	6.0
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride	132	5.9	5.9
Fludarabine Phosphate	54	5.9	5.9
Vigabatrin	20	5.9	5.9
Linagliptin	25	5.9	5.9
Thiamine Hydrochloride	17	5.9	5.9
Metformin Hydrochloride	77	5.6	5.6
Phenobarbital	19	5.6	5.6
Clonazepam	203	5.6	5.6
Oxazepam	28	5.6	5.6
Tizanidine	31	5.6	5.6
Gentamicin	17	5.6	5.6
Lacosamide	48	5.6	5.6
Micafungin Sodium	11	5.6	5.6
Telmisartan	23	5.5	5.5
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets	73	5.5	5.5
Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets	73	5.5	5.5
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablet	73	5.5	5.5
Diazepam	152	5.5	5.5
Etoposide	92	5.4	5.4
Gentamicin Sulfate	20	5.4	5.4
Fentanyl	120	5.3	5.3
Instalax Polyethylene Glycol 3350	15	5.2	5.2
Moxifloxacin	17	5.2	5.2
Tacrolimus Ointment 0.1%	146	5.1	5.1
Tacrolimus Extended-Release Capsules	146	5.1	5.1
Polyethylene Glycol 400	15	5.1	5.1
Quetiapine	216	5.0	5.0
Aripiprazole Oral	47	4.9	4.9
Aripiprazole Orally Disintegrating	47	4.9	4.9
Levofloxacin	68	4.9	4.9
Levofloxacin In 5% Dextrose	68	4.9	4.9
Haloperidol Lactate	28	4.9	4.9
Cytarabine	66	4.7	4.7
Daptomycin	10	4.6	4.6
Enoxaparin Sodium	61	4.6	4.6
Pyrazinamide	10	4.6	4.6
Dextrose	14	4.6	4.6
Escitslopram	61	4.5	4.5
Olanzapine	111	4.5	4.5
Cefuroxime	12	4.5	4.5
Dextrose Monohydrate	14	4.5	4.5
Posaconazole	17	4.5	4.5
Amantadine	16	4.4	4.4
Esomeprazole Magnesium Capsule, Delayed Release	15	4.4	4.4
Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed Release Capsules	15	4.4	4.4
Haloperidol	25	4.4	4.4
Esomeprazole Magnesium Dihydrate	15	4.4	4.4
Vincristine Sulfate	30	4.4	4.4
Basiliximab	12	4.4	4.4
Paroxetine Hydrochloride	91	4.3	4.3
Posaconazole Delayed-Release	11	4.3	4.3
Cefazolin Sodium	12	4.3	4.3
Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (Rabbit)	8	4.2	4.2
Sodium Bicarbonate	23	4.2	4.2
Sodium Bicarbonate Injection,	23	4.2	4.2
Rifampicin	10	4.2	4.2
Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride	20	4.2	4.2
Cefazolin	9	4.2	4.2
Febuxostat Tablets 40 Mg	10	4.2	4.2
Febuxostat Tablets 80 Mg	10	4.2	4.2
Paroxetine Hydrochloride Hemihydrate	32	4.1	4.1
Lamotirigine	68	4.1	4.1
Lamotrigine Extended-Release	68	4.1	4.1
Lamotrigine Chewable Dispersible	68	4.1	4.1
Granisetron Hydrochloride	10	4.1	4.1
Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate	9	4.1	4.1
Busulfan	15	4.1	4.1
Fluoxetine	63	4.1	4.1
Carbamazepine	63	4.1	4.1
Paroxetine	32	4.0	4.0
Phytonadione	8	4.0	4.0
Fluorouracil Cream, 0.5%	71	4.0	4.0
Epoetin Alfa	11	4.0	4.0
Fluorouracil	71	4.0	4.0
Insulin Glargine-Yfgn	20	3.9	3.9
Escitalopram Oxalate	66	3.9	3.9
Rifaximin	19	3.9	3.9
Rifampin	13	3.8	3.8
Mycophenolate Mofetil	118	3.8	3.8
Mycophenolate Mofetil Hydrochloride	118	3.8	3.8
Metoclopramide	48	3.8	3.8
Linezolid	26	3.7	3.7
Dronabinol	7	3.7	3.7
Oxaliplatin	64	3.7	3.7
Mycophenilic Acid	18	3.7	3.7
Mercaptopurine	15	3.7	3.7
Cyclosporine	94	3.7	3.7
Dalteparin Sodium	9	3.6	3.6
Lubiprostone	8	3.6	3.6
Melphalan Hydrochloride	21	3.6	3.6
Ursodiol	18	3.5	3.5
Esomeprazole	51	3.5	3.5
Abacavir Sulfate	8	3.5	3.5
Valganciclovir Hydrochloride Powder,	10	3.5	3.5
Pegaspargase	10	3.5	3.5
Salmeterol Xinafoate	7	3.5	3.5
Lactulose	31	3.5	3.5
Pravastatin Sodium	16	3.5	3.5
Metolazone	9	3.4	3.4
Filgrastim	30	3.4	3.4
Mirtazapine	72	3.4	3.4
Doxorubicin	70	3.4	3.4
Melphalan	18	3.4	3.4
Bupropion	35	3.4	3.4
Carisoprodol	15	3.4	3.4
Clobazam	19	3.3	3.3
Sodium Chloride Tablet	56	3.3	3.3
Sodium Chloride Tablets	56	3.3	3.3
Granisetron	8	3.3	3.3
Cisplatin	58	3.2	3.2
Topiramate	69	3.2	3.2
Oxcarbazepine	24	3.2	3.2
Tretinoin	6	3.2	3.2
Metoclopramide Hydrochloride	56	3.1	3.1
Erythropoietin	15	3.1	3.1
Ondansetron	79	3.1	3.1
Ondansetron Tablets	79	3.1	3.1
Sodium Chloride	57	3.1	3.1
Febuxostat	12	3.1	3.1
Desvenlafaxine Succinate	19	3.0	3.0
Venlafaxine	49	2.9	2.9
Blinatumomab	7	2.9	2.9
Ritonavir 100 Mg	10	2.9	2.9
Ondansetron Hydrochloride	80	2.8	2.8
Loperamide Hcl	8	2.7	2.7
Lamotrigine	81	2.7	2.7
Pregabalin	164	2.6	2.6
Metformin	213	2.6	2.6
Lenvatinib	20	2.6	2.6
Sevelamer Carbonate	7	2.6	2.6
Zonisamide	9	2.6	2.6
Azacitidine For	11	2.6	2.6
Donepezil Hydrochloride	22	2.6	2.6
Brentuximab Vedotin	6	2.5	2.5
Risperidone	74	2.4	2.4
Insulin Degludec	13	2.4	2.4
Dolutegravir Sodium	5	2.4	2.4
Thiotepa	5	2.2	2.2
Cyclophosphamide Injection, Solution	89	2.2	2.2
Cyclophosphamide	89	2.2	2.2
Cyclophosphamide For Injection	89	2.2	2.2
Canagliflozin	15	2.1	2.1
Iohexol	4	2.1	2.1
Carboplatin	52	1.8	1.8
Polatuzumab Vedotin	4	1.8	1.8
Ethyl Alcohol	11	1.7	1.7
Azacitidine	12	1.7	1.7
Fentanyl Citrate	7	1.7	1.7
Hydrocodone Bitartrate And Acetaminophen	19	1.4	1.4
Siponimod	3	1.4	1.4
Buprenorphine	29	1.3	1.3
Alcohol	12	1.3	1.3
Atezolizumab	12	1.3	1.3
Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Alafenamide	3	1.1	1.1
Valbenazine	6	1.0	1.0
Pimavanserin Tartrate	11	0.8	0.8
Nirmatrelvir And Ritonavir	9	0.7	0.7

Related reactions

Data source: openFDA FAERS. See the OpenPV methodology and limitations.