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Which drugs are most reported with Complication of device insertion?

Last recalculated 2026-09-14T18:28:35.993900+00:00 · 18,301 reports · 453 co-occurring drugs

As of the last recalculation, Complication Of Device Insertion appears in 18,301 FAERS reports alongside 453 co-occurring drug terms. The strongest observed disproportionality signal is COPPER (PRR 404.4).

Important: FAERS is a spontaneous, voluntary, unverified reporting system. PRR and ROR identify reporting patterns for investigation; they are not incidence rates and do not establish causation.

Drug	Co-reports	PRR	ROR
Copper	8,351	404.4	502.1
Etonogestrel	3,253	94.1	100.9
Levonorgestrel	5,688	46.2	47.5
Lactic Acid, L-, Citric Acid Monohydrate, And Potassium Bitartrate	6	38.8	40.1
Gemcitabine Intravesical	4	17.3	17.5
Misoprostol	104	12.2	12.3
Norethindrone Acetate/Ethinyl Estradiol And Ferrous Fumarate	3	11.2	11.3
Fluocinolone Acetonide	32	9.7	9.8
Norgestimate And Ethinyl Estradiol	26	6.5	6.5
Povidone-Iodine	19	5.1	5.1
Estradiol Acetate	3	4.5	4.5
Norethindrone Acetate And Ethinyl Estradiol, Ethinyl Estradiol And Ferrous Fumarate	12	4.3	4.3
Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate, And Amphetamine Sulfate	127	4.1	4.1
Dextroamphetamine Sulfate, Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Sulfate And Amphetamine Aspartate	128	3.5	3.5
Levonorgestrel And Ethinyl Estradiol	7	2.8	2.8
Tretinoin	19	2.7	2.7
Norelgestromin And Ethinyl Estradiol	4	2.5	2.5
Thyroid, Porcine	22	2.4	2.4
Phentermine Hydrochloride	13	2.3	2.3
Norethindrone	11	2.2	2.2
Norethindrone Acetate	3	2.0	2.1
Permethrin	3	1.9	1.9
Labetalol	22	1.9	1.9
Norethindrone Acetate And Ethinyl Estradiol And Ferrous Fumarate	4	1.8	1.8
Dextroamphetamine	5	1.5	1.5
Norethindrone Acetate And Ethinyl Estradiol	3	1.5	1.5
Etonogestrel And Ethinyl Estradiol	28	1.4	1.4
Iron	82	1.4	1.4
Drospirenone	6	1.4	1.4
Bimatoprost	33	1.3	1.3
Butalbital, Acetaminophen, And Caffeine	12	1.3	1.3
Bupropion Hydrochloride	109	1.3	1.3
Rizatriptan	7	1.3	1.3
Phenazopyridine	4	1.2	1.2
Iodium,Badiaga,Fucus Vesiculosus,Calcareaarsenicum Iodatum, Thyroidinum,Carbonica,Pulsatilla,Baryta Carbonica,	3	1.2	1.2
Thyroid	3	1.2	1.2
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate	35	1.2	1.2
Thyroid, Unspecified	3	1.2	1.2
Acetazolamide Sodium	6	1.1	1.1
Prazosin	6	1.1	1.1
Sertraline Hydrochloride	115	1.1	1.1
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride	116	1.0	1.0
Pilocarpine Hydrochloride	3	1.0	1.0
Escitalopram	124	1.0	1.0
Vilazodone Hydrochloride	8	1.0	1.0
Atomoxetine	3	1.0	1.0
Acetazolamide	5	1.0	1.0
Fluoxetine	55	0.9	0.9
Ibuprofen And Diphenhydramine Citrate	19	0.9	0.9
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride In Dextrose	6	0.9	0.9
Rizatriptan Benzoate	8	0.9	0.9
Lidicaine	38	0.9	0.9
Burn Relief	38	0.9	0.9
Lidocaine Hydrochloride And Epinephrine	38	0.9	0.9
Lidocaine, Menthol	38	0.9	0.9
Sumatriptan	29	0.9	0.9
Sumatriptan Succinate	19	0.9	0.9
Sertraline	87	0.8	0.8
Bupropion	32	0.8	0.8
Lidocaine Hydrochloride And Epinephrine Bitartrate	38	0.8	0.8
Valacyclovir Hydrochloride	50	0.8	0.8
Lidocaine 4%	38	0.8	0.8
Hydroxyzine	33	0.8	0.8
Dexamethasone	202	0.8	0.8
Lidocaine	39	0.8	0.8
Guanfacine Hydrochloride	3	0.8	0.8
Lidocaine Hydrochloride	39	0.7	0.7
Bupivacaine	6	0.7	0.7
Clindamycin	17	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen Capsule	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen Tablet, Film Coated	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen Tablet, Film-Coated	116	0.7	0.7
Ibupfrofen	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen Tablets Usp, 200Mg	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen Oral	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen Capsules 200 Mg	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen 200 Mg	116	0.7	0.7
Ibuprofen 200Mg	116	0.7	0.7
Liothyronine Sodium	5	0.7	0.7
Spironolactone	76	0.6	0.6
Clindamycin Phosphate	18	0.6	0.6
Escitslopram	31	0.6	0.6
Desvenlafaxine Succinate	14	0.6	0.6
Nortriptyline Hydrochloride	3	0.6	0.6
Ibuprofen	141	0.6	0.6
Methimazole	4	0.6	0.6
Guanfacine	4	0.6	0.6
Dorzolamide Hydrochloride And Timolol Maleate	4	0.6	0.6
Be Health Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Cherry	3	0.6	0.6
Be Health Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Grape	3	0.6	0.6
Be Health Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Cvs Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Cherry	3	0.6	0.6
Cvs Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Grape	3	0.6	0.6
Cvs Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Epic Medical Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Equate Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Cherry	3	0.6	0.6
Equate Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Grape	3	0.6	0.6
Equate Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Freskaro Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Cherry	3	0.6	0.6
Freskaro Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Grape	3	0.6	0.6
Freskaro Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Harris Teeter Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Leader Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Cherry	3	0.6	0.6
Leader Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Grape	3	0.6	0.6
Leader Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Major Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution - Lemon	3	0.6	0.6
Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution	3	0.6	0.6
Docusate Sodium - Sennosides	16	0.6	0.6
Magnesium Citrate	3	0.6	0.6
Cyanocobalamin	16	0.6	0.6
Albuterol	58	0.5	0.5
Cetirizine Hydrochloride	78	0.5	0.5
Dapsone	5	0.5	0.5
Loratadine Tablet	25	0.5	0.5
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate	23	0.5	0.5
Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride	6	0.5	0.5
Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Oral	6	0.5	0.5
Escitalopram Oxalate	33	0.5	0.5
Diclofenac Sodium And Misoprostol	3	0.5	0.5
Biotin	14	0.5	0.5
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Phenylephrine Hcl	22	0.5	0.5
Lamotrigine	58	0.5	0.5
Ferrous Sulfate	22	0.5	0.5
Loratadine	46	0.5	0.5
Methylphenidate Hydrochloride	25	0.5	0.5
Fish Oil	37	0.5	0.5
Loratadine Oral	20	0.5	0.5
Ketoconazole	7	0.5	0.5
Doxycycline Hyclate	27	0.5	0.5
Lithium	10	0.5	0.5
Lithium Bromatum	10	0.5	0.5
Doxycycline	27	0.4	0.4
Progesterone	9	0.4	0.4
Tizanidine Hydrochloride	7	0.4	0.4
Testosterone	9	0.4	0.4
Lurasidone Hydrochloride	8	0.4	0.4
Propranolol Hydrochloride	27	0.4	0.4
Albuterol Sulfate	106	0.4	0.4
Methocarbamol	8	0.4	0.4
Magnesium	29	0.4	0.4
Docusate Sodium	20	0.4	0.4
Ketoconazole Foam	5	0.4	0.4
Ketoconazole Cream, 2%	5	0.4	0.4
Melatonin	18	0.4	0.4
Paroxetine Hydrochloride Hemihydrate	11	0.4	0.4
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride Capsule, Liquid Filled	7	0.4	0.4
Montelukast Sodium	40	0.4	0.4
Paroxetine	11	0.4	0.4
Cariprazine	3	0.4	0.4
Topiramate	30	0.4	0.4
Lamotirigine	23	0.4	0.4
Lamotrigine Extended-Release	23	0.4	0.4
Lamotrigine Chewable Dispersible	23	0.4	0.4
Nifedipine	15	0.4	0.4
Fluticasone Propionate	41	0.4	0.4
Citalopram	43	0.4	0.4
Levothyroxine Sodium	99	0.4	0.4
Valacyclovir	13	0.4	0.4
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride	41	0.4	0.4
Daspone	3	0.4	0.4
Dapsone Gel, 5%	3	0.4	0.3
Famotidine	36	0.3	0.3
Mupirocin	4	0.3	0.3
Vitamin C	27	0.3	0.3
Aripiprazole	36	0.3	0.3
Mupirocin Calcium	4	0.3	0.3
Zinc	7	0.3	0.3
Cetiirizine	12	0.3	0.3
Zinc Chloride	7	0.3	0.3
Ziprasidone Mesylate	4	0.3	0.3
Cyclobenzaprine	14	0.3	0.3
Atropine Sulfate	3	0.3	0.3
Eszopiclone	7	0.3	0.3
Lorazepam	49	0.3	0.3
Alprazolam	56	0.3	0.3
Rasagiline Mesylate	3	0.3	0.3
Zinc Gluconate	7	0.3	0.3
Naproxen	21	0.3	0.3
Metronidazole	17	0.3	0.3
Bumetanide	7	0.3	0.3
Venlafaxine	19	0.3	0.3
Fluconazole	18	0.3	0.3
Trazodone Hydrochloride	4	0.3	0.3
Clonazepam	41	0.3	0.3
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride	6	0.3	0.3
Metronidazole Topical	12	0.3	0.3
Oxcarbazepine	8	0.3	0.3
Brexpiprazole	4	0.3	0.3
Meloxicam	14	0.3	0.3
Methocarbamol Tablets	4	0.3	0.3
Standardized Senna Concentrate	3	0.3	0.3
Armodafinil	5	0.3	0.3
Rimegepant Sulfate	3	0.3	0.3
Acetaminophen, Guaifenesin, And Phenylephrine Hydrochloride	38	0.3	0.3
Doxyclycline Hyclate	4	0.3	0.3
Amitriptyline Hydrochloride	4	0.3	0.3
Ziprasidone	4	0.3	0.3
Goserelin	3	0.3	0.3
Ergocalciferol	85	0.2	0.2
Duloxetine	15	0.2	0.2
Duloxetine Hydrochloride	40	0.2	0.2
Sucralfate Oral	3	0.2	0.2
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride	3	0.2	0.2
Losartan	37	0.2	0.2
Sucralfate Oral Suspension	3	0.2	0.2
Desoximetasone	4	0.2	0.2
Tizanidine	5	0.2	0.2
Hydrochlorothiazide	30	0.2	0.2
Epinephrine	13	0.2	0.2
Thiamine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin 5 Phosphate Sodium, Dexpanthenol And Niacinamide	6	0.2	0.2
Fluticasone Propionate Nasal	6	0.2	0.2
Pramipexole	3	0.2	0.2
Ropinirole	3	0.2	0.2
Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate	19	0.2	0.2
Aripiprazole Oral	8	0.2	0.2
Aripiprazole Orally Disintegrating	8	0.2	0.2
Divalproex Sodium	9	0.2	0.2
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride And Hydrocortisone	4	0.2	0.2
Nystatin Ointment	5	0.2	0.2
Nystatin Cream	5	0.2	0.2
Linaclotide	5	0.2	0.2
Citalopram Hydrobromide	20	0.2	0.2
Estradiol	16	0.2	0.2
Metformin Er 500 Mg	56	0.2	0.2
Metformin Er 750 Mg	56	0.2	0.2
Nystatin	5	0.2	0.2
Calcium	27	0.2	0.2
Prochlorperazine	5	0.2	0.2
Cetirizine	14	0.2	0.2
Multivitamin	9	0.2	0.2
Rosuvastatin Calcium	5	0.2	0.2
Paroxetine Hydrochloride	16	0.2	0.2
Methylphenidate	5	0.2	0.2
Metformin	62	0.2	0.2
Carbidopa And Levodopa	8	0.2	0.2
Diclofenac Sodium 1%	6	0.2	0.2
Diclofenac Sodium Topical	6	0.2	0.2
Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%	6	0.2	0.2
Docusate Sodium 100Mg	4	0.2	0.2
Azelastine	3	0.2	0.2
Sucralfate	4	0.2	0.2
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride	4	0.2	0.2
Glyburide	4	0.2	0.2
Mometasone	3	0.2	0.2
Mirtazapine	15	0.2	0.2
Octreotide Acetate	5	0.2	0.2
Naltrexone	5	0.2	0.2
Promethazine Hydrochloride	3	0.2	0.2
Naproxen Sodium	23	0.2	0.2
Clonidine	8	0.2	0.2
Estradiol Gel 0.1%	7	0.2	0.2
Estradiol,	7	0.2	0.2
Estradiol Transdermal	7	0.2	0.2
Sarilumab	4	0.2	0.2
Insulin Aspart	10	0.2	0.2
Calcitriol Capsules 0.25 Mcg	3	0.2	0.2
Calcitriol Capsules 0.5 Mcg	3	0.2	0.2
Oral Semaglutide	11	0.2	0.2
Calcitriol	3	0.2	0.2
Amoxicillin And Clavulanate Potassium	4	0.2	0.2
Pantoprazole Sodium In 0.9% Sodium Chloride	9	0.2	0.2
Pantoprazole Sodium Injection	9	0.2	0.2
Quetiapine	28	0.2	0.2
Mometasone Furoate	6	0.2	0.2
Ibuprofen Tablets, Coated	6	0.2	0.2
Omeprazole Magnesium	64	0.2	0.2
Ibuprofen Sodium	6	0.2	0.2
Folic Acid	35	0.2	0.2
Baclofen	12	0.2	0.2
Diclofenac	12	0.2	0.2
Fexofenadine Hydrochloride	3	0.2	0.2
Lisinopril	41	0.2	0.2
Acetaminophen	60	0.1	0.1
Diazepam	16	0.1	0.1
Gabapentin	48	0.1	0.1
Ascorbic Acid	3	0.1	0.1
Omeprazole	45	0.1	0.1
Celecoxib	17	0.1	0.1
Ondansetron	14	0.1	0.1
Ondansetron Tablets	14	0.1	0.1
Pantoprazole Sodium	19	0.1	0.1
Valproic Acid	4	0.1	0.1
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride	3	0.1	0.1
Adrenalinum	5	0.1	0.1
Treprostinil	15	0.1	0.1
Montelukast	10	0.1	0.1
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride	19	0.1	0.1
Losartan Potassium	9	0.1	0.1
Ondansetron Hydrochloride	14	0.1	0.1
Adalimumab-Adaz	6	0.1	0.1
Drospirenone And Ethinyl Estradiol	5	0.1	0.1
Candesartan	4	0.1	0.1
Diazepam Oral Solution (Concentrate)	10	0.1	0.1
Diazepam Oral	10	0.1	0.1
Valsartan Oral	6	0.1	0.1
Doxazosin	3	0.1	0.1
Hydroxychloroquine	8	0.1	0.1
Temazepam	4	0.1	0.1
Diclofenac Sodium	16	0.1	0.1
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets	6	0.1	0.1
Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets	6	0.1	0.1
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablet	6	0.1	0.1
Enoxaparin Sodium	6	0.1	0.1
Pancrelipase	4	0.1	0.1
Metformin Hydrochloride	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone	9	0.1	0.1
Fluticasone Propionate And Salmeterol Xinafoate	6	0.1	0.1
Latanoprost	5	0.1	0.1
Metoprolol Succinate Er Tablets	6	0.1	0.1
Vitamin E	3	0.1	0.1
Somatropin	7	0.1	0.1
Belimumab	3	0.1	0.1
Modafinil	3	0.1	0.1
Metoprolol Succinate	8	0.1	0.1
Minoxidil Foam 5% (Womens)	3	0.1	0.1
Pantoprazole	23	0.1	0.1
Enalapril	5	0.1	0.1
Insulin	5	0.1	0.1
Levetiracetam	12	0.1	0.1
Anti-Itch	6	0.1	0.1
Anti-Pruritic	6	0.1	0.1
Antipruritic (Anti-Itch)	6	0.1	0.1
Cool Relief Gel With Aloe	6	0.1	0.1
Drs. Hydrocortisone	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Continuous Spray	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Spray	6	0.1	0.1
Anti-Itch Cream	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Lotion	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Cream 1%	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Cream 1/2%	6	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone 1%	6	0.1	0.1
Alendronate Sodium	9	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Cream	6	0.1	0.1
Amlodipine	24	0.1	0.1
Acyclovir	10	0.1	0.1
Adalimumab-Fkjp	4	0.1	0.1
Fenofibrate	3	0.1	0.1
Adalimumab-Aaty	4	0.1	0.1
Metoprolol Tartrate Injection	16	0.1	0.1
Olmesartan Medoxomil	3	0.1	0.1
Metoprolol Tartrate	23	0.1	0.1
Doxazosin Mesylate	3	0.1	0.1
Hydrocortisone Acetate	6	0.1	0.1
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride	8	0.1	0.1
Sodium Chloride Tablet	6	0.1	0.1
Sodium Chloride Tablets	6	0.1	0.1
0Xygen	4	0.1	0.1
Oxygen	4	0.1	0.1
Esomeprazole	5	0.1	0.1
Levothyroxine Sodium Anhydrous	8	0.1	0.1
Methylprednisolone	11	0.1	0.1
Dulaglutide	7	0.1	0.1
Aspirin 325 Mg	41	0.1	0.1
Aspirin 81 Mg	41	0.1	0.1
Amoxicillin	6	0.1	0.1
Acetaminophen Tablet Extended Release	20	0.1	0.1
Pain Reliever	20	0.1	0.1
Acetaminophen 500Mg	20	0.1	0.1
Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate	7	0.1	0.1
Sulfasalazine	6	0.1	0.1
Aspirin	42	0.1	0.1
Pregabalin	21	0.1	0.1
Hydromorphone Hydrochloride	7	0.1	0.1
Sodium Chloride	6	0.1	0.1
Calcium Carbonate	5	0.1	0.1
Metoprolol	19	0.1	0.1
Tirzepatide	12	0.1	0.1
Erenumab-Aooe	4	0.1	0.1
Cyclosporine	8	0.1	0.1
Fentanyl	7	0.1	0.1
Clopidogrel Bisulfate	7	0.1	0.1
Atorvastatin Calcium	17	0.1	0.1
Loperamide Hydrochloride	3	0.1	0.1
Minoxidil	3	0.1	0.1
Ezetimibe	5	0.1	0.1
Valsartan	7	0.1	0.1
Zolpidem Tartrate	9	0.1	0.1
Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate	3	0.1	0.1
Esomeprazole Magnesium	15	0.1	0.1
Diphenhydramine	4	0.1	0.1
Antacid	3	0.1	0.1
Rosuvastatin	13	0.1	0.1
Rivaroxaban	13	0.1	0.1
Tocilizumab	7	0.1	0.1
Amlodipine Besylate	9	0.1	0.1
Liraglutide	3	0.1	0.1
Isotretinoin	3	0.1	0.1
Atenolol	8	0.1	0.1
Prednisone	30	0.1	0.1
Insulin Lispro	8	0.1	0.1
Leflunomide	6	0.1	0.1
Clopidogrel	11	0.1	0.1
Metoclopramide	3	0.1	0.1
Metformin Hcl	3	0.1	0.1
Potassium Chloride, Dextrose Monohydrate	5	0.1	0.1
Potassium Chloride Oral	5	0.1	0.1
Potassium Chloride Extended-Release	5	0.1	0.1
Mesalamine	3	0.1	0.1
Teriparatide	6	0.1	0.1
Metoclopramide Hydrochloride	4	0.1	0.1
Sildenafil	3	0.1	0.1
Furosemide	21	0.1	0.1
Conjugated Estrogens	3	0.1	0.1
Allopurinol	8	0.1	0.1
Estrogens, Conjugated	3	0.1	0.1
Varenicline Tartrate	4	0.1	0.1
Tadalafil	5	0.1	0.1
Secukinumab	8	0.1	0.1
Morphine Sulfate	6	0.1	0.1
Sulfamethoxazole And Trimethoprim	4	0.1	0.1
Vedolizumab	4	0.1	0.1
Metoroprolol Tartrate	3	0.1	0.1
Carbamazepine	3	0.1	0.1
Potassium Chloride	5	0.0	0.0
Ciprofloxacin	4	0.0	0.0
Macitentan	3	0.0	0.0
Polyethylene Glycol 3350	4	0.0	0.0
Oxycodone Hydrochloride And Acetaminophen	4	0.0	0.0
Bevacizumab	5	0.0	0.0
Warfarin	5	0.0	0.0
Sildenafil Citrate	5	0.0	0.0
Levetiracetam In Sodium Chloride	3	0.0	0.0
Levetiracetam Oral	3	0.0	0.0
Levetiracetam Injection	3	0.0	0.0
Natalizumab	7	0.0	0.0
Methotrexate	16	0.0	0.0
Carvedilol	5	0.0	0.0
Bisoprolol Fumarate	5	0.0	0.0
Tiotropium Bromide	5	0.0	0.0
Azathioprine	3	0.0	0.0
Methotrexate Sodium	16	0.0	0.0
Insulin Glargine	8	0.0	0.0
Simvastatin	8	0.0	0.0
Adalimumab	23	0.0	0.0
Pegfilgrastim	3	0.0	0.0
Ustekinumab	3	0.0	0.0
Abatacept	4	0.0	0.0
Lansoprazole	5	0.0	0.0
Olanzapine	3	0.0	0.0
Ranitidine	5	0.0	0.0
Ambrisentan	3	0.0	0.0
Dexamethasone 1.5 Mg	7	0.0	0.0
Rituximab	5	0.0	0.0
Risperidone	3	0.0	0.0
Mycophenolate Mofetil	3	0.0	0.0
Mycophenolate Mofetil Hydrochloride	3	0.0	0.0
Oxycodone	4	0.0	0.0
Etanercept	11	0.0	0.0
Interferon Beta-1A	3	0.0	0.0
Denosumab	3	0.0	0.0
Oxycodone Hydrochloride	3	0.0	0.0
Infliximab	3	0.0	0.0
Dupilumab	3	0.0	0.0

Related reactions

Data source: openFDA FAERS. See the OpenPV methodology and limitations.